{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154989690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040475","title":"MFAFENet: A Multi-Sensor Collaborative and Multi-Scale Feature Information Adaptive Fusion Network for Spindle Rotational Error Classification in CNC Machine Tools","display_name":"MFAFENet: A Multi-Sensor Collaborative and Multi-Scale Feature Information Adaptive Fusion Network for Spindle Rotational Error Classification in CNC Machine Tools","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154989690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040475","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040475","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/475/pdf?version=1776692469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/475/pdf?version=1776692469","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455958","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-8472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112517359","display_name":"Lin Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134058315","display_name":"Pengfei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401041622","display_name":"Chengdu Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04713ex73","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401041622"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 611730, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 611730, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530","https://openalex.org/I4401041622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134035045","display_name":"Ping Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134083934","display_name":"Tianwei Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianwei Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Low-Altitude Technology and Transportation, Chengdu Technological University, Yibin 644012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112517359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400","https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41653877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"475","last_page":"475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.6132000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.6132000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.0421999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machining","display_name":"Machining","score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-tool","display_name":"Machine tool","score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-bench","display_name":"Test bench","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4065000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523214423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192047","display_name":"Machining","level":2,"score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5941749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19768","display_name":"Machine tool","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776266606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476482","display_name":"Test bench","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982962833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092450","display_name":"Information fusion","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175457265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190247","display_name":"Numerical control","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040475","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/475/pdf?version=1776692469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42072600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46d27749e0724e1ea6e9704bed1db400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46d27749e0724e1ea6e9704bed1db400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 4, p 475 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13114703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13114703/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040475","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/475/pdf?version=1776692469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6953032612800598,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154989690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154989690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"classification":[1],"of":[2,15,148,155],"spindle":[3,125,194],"rotational":[4,186],"errors":[5],"is":[6,101,113],"critical":[7],"for":[8,192],"ensuring":[9],"machining":[10],"precision":[11],"and":[12,37,54,142,151,185],"operational":[13],"reliability":[14,126],"CNC":[16],"machine":[17],"tools.":[18],"However,":[19],"existing":[20],"methods":[21],"face":[22],"challenges":[23],"in":[24],"extracting":[25],"discriminative":[26],"feature":[27,56,82,107],"information":[28,57,70,83],"from":[29,62,84],"vibration":[30,183],"signals":[31,61,184],"due":[32],"to":[33,104,115],"small":[34],"inter-class":[35],"differences":[36],"complex":[38],"electromechanical":[39],"interference.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"proposes":[43],"a":[44,92,124,189],"novel":[45],"deep":[46],"learning":[47],"model,":[48],"MFAFENet,":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51,123],"multi-sensor":[52],"collaboration":[53],"multi-scale":[55,81,160],"adaptive":[58,156],"fusion.":[59],"Vibration":[60],"three":[63],"mounting":[64],"positions":[65],"are":[66],"transformed":[67],"into":[68],"time-frequency":[69],"representations":[71],"via":[72],"Short-time":[73],"Fourier":[74],"Transform.":[75],"The":[76,109,174],"proposed":[77,175],"network":[78,118],"adaptively":[79],"fuses":[80],"parallel":[85],"branches":[86],"with":[87],"different":[88],"kernel":[89],"sizes":[90],"through":[91],"branch":[93],"attention":[94,99],"mechanism.":[95],"An":[96],"efficient":[97],"channel":[98],"module":[100,150],"then":[102],"incorporated":[103],"recalibrate":[105],"channel-wise":[106],"responses.":[108],"cross-entropy":[110],"loss":[111],"function":[112],"employed":[114],"optimize":[116],"the":[117,146,152,170],"parameters":[119],"during":[120],"training.":[121],"Experiments":[122],"test":[127,135],"bench":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"that":[130],"MFAFENet":[131],"achieves":[132],"93.37%":[133],"average":[134],"accuracy,":[136],"outperforming":[137],"other":[138],"comparative":[139,143],"methods.":[140,161],"Ablation":[141],"studies":[144],"confirm":[145],"effectiveness":[147],"each":[149],"clear":[153],"advantage":[154],"fusion":[157,163],"over":[158,169],"fixed-weight":[159],"Multi-sensor":[162],"further":[164],"improves":[165],"accuracy":[166],"by":[167],"7.23%":[168],"best":[171],"single-sensor":[172],"setup.":[173],"method":[176],"establishes":[177],"an":[178],"effective":[179],"end-to-end":[180],"mapping":[181],"between":[182],"errors,":[187],"providing":[188],"promising":[190],"solution":[191],"high-precision":[193],"condition":[195],"monitoring.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
