{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154743042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040463","title":"NEF-DHR: A Non-Equivalent Functional Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Architecture for Endogenous Safety and Security","display_name":"NEF-DHR: A Non-Equivalent Functional Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Architecture for Endogenous Safety and Security","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154743042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040463","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/463/pdf?version=1776426311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/463/pdf?version=1776426311","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031381711","display_name":"Bingbing Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-7478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147117","display_name":"Huaiyin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xvggv44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbing Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an 223300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an 223300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103230515","display_name":"Yilin Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6526-6525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143338","display_name":"Yuxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/048fp0x47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Smart City in Cyberspace Security, Yuxi 653100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6526-6525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Smart City in Cyberspace Security, Yuxi 653100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133846505","display_name":"Hanzhi Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanzhi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103230515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67597385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"463","last_page":"463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.6187999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.6187999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.06629999727010727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.05420000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executor","display_name":"Executor","score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivability","display_name":"Survivability","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.38510000705718994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654437","display_name":"Executor","level":2,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781133158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088669","display_name":"Survivability","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147343967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159078","display_name":"Concrete security","level":3,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31139447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380386","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42259789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392940","display_name":"Fail-safe","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/463/pdf?version=1776426311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42072587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ca5c047367349f5b3792f9ce7cb72ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ca5c047367349f5b3792f9ce7cb72ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 4, p 463 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13115065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13115065/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040463","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/463/pdf?version=1776426311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47689664363861084}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324734","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154743042.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154743042.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Endogenous":[0],"safety":[1],"and":[2,14,92,101,158,165,186,205,225],"security":[3,76,237],"(ESS),":[4],"which":[5,130],"advocates":[6],"for":[7,24,231],"designing":[8],"systems":[9],"that":[10,68,78,161,173],"are":[11],"inherently":[12],"safe":[13],"secure":[15],"by":[16,43,156],"nature,":[17],"has":[18],"emerged":[19],"as":[20,39],"a":[21,227],"pivotal":[22],"paradigm":[23],"addressing":[25],"the":[26,54,58,64,70,111,133,139,150,193,218,232],"inherent":[27,87],"vulnerabilities":[28],"of":[29,69,141,152,220,235],"information":[30,55,145,154],"systems.":[31,238],"The":[32],"Dynamic":[33],"Heterogeneous":[34],"Redundancy":[35],"(DHR)":[36],"architecture":[37,195],"serves":[38],"its":[40],"typical":[41],"implementation":[42],"introducing":[44],"dynamic,":[45],"heterogeneous,":[46],"redundant":[47],"executors":[48,126],"with":[49,127,183,211],"equivalent":[50],"function":[51,118],"(EF)":[52],"into":[53,208],"system.":[56],"However,":[57],"functional":[59,90],"equivalence":[60,91],"property":[61],"explicitly":[62],"connects":[63],"system's":[65],"output":[66,144,153,202],"to":[67,97,123,148,167],"individual":[71],"executors,":[72],"thereby":[73],"creating":[74],"potential":[75],"risks":[77],"adversaries":[79,157],"could":[80],"exploit.":[81],"In":[82],"addition,":[83],"EF-DHR":[84],"faces":[85],"an":[86],"contradiction":[88],"between":[89],"heterogeneous":[93],"implementations":[94],"(HIS),":[95],"leading":[96],"high":[98],"engineering":[99],"costs":[100],"limited":[102],"applicability.":[103],"To":[104],"address":[105],"these":[106],"problems,":[107],"this":[108],"paper":[109],"proposes":[110],"Non-Equivalent":[112],"Functional":[113],"DHR":[114,194,213,236],"(NEF-DHR)":[115],"architecture,":[116],"leveraging":[117],"secret":[119],"sharing":[120],"(FSS)":[121],"theory":[122,222],"replace":[124],"EF":[125],"NEF":[128],"components,":[129],"fundamentally":[131],"eliminates":[132],"EF-HIS":[134],"contradiction.":[135],"Specifically,":[136],"we":[137,191],"propose":[138],"concept":[140],"'terminal":[142],"executor":[143],"entropy":[146,221],"loss'":[147],"formalize":[149],"risk":[151],"interception":[155],"theoretically":[159],"prove":[160],"NEF-DHR":[162,174],"improves":[163],"unpredictability":[164],"resistance":[166],"attacks.":[168],"Experimental":[169],"results":[170],"further":[171],"validate":[172],"exhibits":[175],"lower":[176],"error":[177],"rates":[178],"under":[179],"various":[180],"attack":[181],"levels,":[182],"enhanced":[184],"robustness":[185],"superior":[187],"ESS":[188,207,224],"performance.":[189],"Additionally,":[190],"generalize":[192],"based":[196],"on":[197],"three":[198,209],"core":[199],"properties":[200],"(indistinguishability,":[201],"recoverability,":[203],"verification)":[204],"classify":[206],"types":[210],"corresponding":[212],"variants.":[214],"This":[215],"work":[216],"advances":[217],"application":[219],"in":[223],"provides":[226],"novel":[228],"entropy-enhanced":[229],"solution":[230],"large-scale":[233],"deployment":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-18T00:00:00"}