{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7146975830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040396","title":"Spin-Based Quantum Energy Devices: From Quantum Thermal Machines to Quantum Batteries","display_name":"Spin-Based Quantum Energy Devices: From Quantum Thermal Machines to Quantum Batteries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7146975830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040396","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/396/pdf?version=1775045324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/396/pdf?version=1775045324","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079038023","display_name":"Suman Chand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193073490","display_name":"Siksha O Anusandhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ep7w45","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193073490"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suman Chand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-4495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193073490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093932119","display_name":"Riccardo Grazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0396-9456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095637","display_name":"Superconducting and other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00p03yg71","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Grazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0396-9456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062122914","display_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Traverso Ziani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-7403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095637","display_name":"Superconducting and other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00p03yg71","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Traverso Ziani","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014053933","display_name":"Dario Ferraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095637","display_name":"Superconducting and other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00p03yg71","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Ferraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-1326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093932119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095637","https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":14.7436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98533789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"396","last_page":"396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.11460000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.11460000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13104","display_name":"Chemical and Physical Properties of Materials","score":0.09470000118017197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.07100000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-technology","display_name":"Quantum technology","score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-thermodynamics","display_name":"Quantum thermodynamics","score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-sensor","display_name":"Quantum sensor","score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-quantum-system","display_name":"Open quantum system","score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-simulator","display_name":"Quantum simulator","score":0.40299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776897741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12212546","display_name":"Quantum thermodynamics","level":3,"score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161166931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269096","display_name":"Quantum simulator","level":4,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71191651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4218491","display_name":"Quantum nanoscience","level":5,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95013731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269071","display_name":"Quantum metrology","level":5,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96835668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457198","display_name":"Macroscopic quantum phenomena","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22984246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269058","display_name":"Quantum imaging","level":5,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80891386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269084","display_name":"Quantum phases","level":4,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57528182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271842","display_name":"Miniaturization","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15184713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269042","display_name":"Quantum dynamics","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150365167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577404","display_name":"Spin engineering","level":4,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144822601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271324","display_name":"Energy transformation","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/396/pdf?version=1775045324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42072520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42072520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5a555022b59452ca2b5f46f259ef641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5a555022b59452ca2b5f46f259ef641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 4, p 396 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13114758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13114758/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unige.iris.cineca.it:11567/1299776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1299776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28040396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/4/396/pdf?version=1775045324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8730394244194031}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7146975830.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7146975830.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":210,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126915739","https://openalex.org/W382441907","https://openalex.org/W855611667","https://openalex.org/W1487046968","https://openalex.org/W1491159686","https://openalex.org/W1521266393","https://openalex.org/W1540690984","https://openalex.org/W1542475302","https://openalex.org/W1544094034","https://openalex.org/W1578322733","https://openalex.org/W1658381290","https://openalex.org/W1663839511","https://openalex.org/W1691803681","https://openalex.org/W1713840331","https://openalex.org/W1784559371","https://openalex.org/W1818332649","https://openalex.org/W1819190166","https://openalex.org/W1820724927","https://openalex.org/W1968850365","https://openalex.org/W1970845041","https://openalex.org/W1975677983","https://openalex.org/W1976759579","https://openalex.org/W1986933492","https://openalex.org/W2001903741","https://openalex.org/W2002506506","https://openalex.org/W2004582044","https://openalex.org/W2006107912","https://openalex.org/W2015683881","https://openalex.org/W2018484716","https://openalex.org/W2023696328","https://openalex.org/W2027561650","https://openalex.org/W2027891048","https://openalex.org/W2031255223","https://openalex.org/W2037511573","https://openalex.org/W2042294629","https://openalex.org/W2043019726","https://openalex.org/W2045293822","https://openalex.org/W2046908285","https://openalex.org/W2054071693","https://openalex.org/W2054824397","https://openalex.org/W2059846772","https://openalex.org/W2063890426","https://openalex.org/W2065720219","https://openalex.org/W2081228352","https://openalex.org/W2083016494","https://openalex.org/W2084255008","https://openalex.org/W2085618819","https://openalex.org/W2086187072","https://openalex.org/W2093315095","https://openalex.org/W2101002716","https://openalex.org/W2110551800","https://openalex.org/W2114917858","https://openalex.org/W2129804016","https://openalex.org/W2135196932","https://openalex.org/W2137964687","https://openalex.org/W2152983457","https://openalex.org/W2154550634","https://openalex.org/W2171462472","https://openalex.org/W2181284682","https://openalex.org/W2230776002","https://openalex.org/W2243079660","https://openalex.org/W2276987759","https://openalex.org/W2281569456","https://openalex.org/W2317586084","https://openalex.org/W2329085555","https://openalex.org/W2339039078","https://openalex.org/W2410075198","https://openalex.org/W2423486893","https://openalex.org/W2425675572","https://openalex.org/W2460640555","https://openalex.org/W2495256131","https://openalex.org/W2508760536","https://openalex.org/W2510382033","https://openalex.org/W2516228828","https://openalex.org/W2519406991","https://openalex.org/W2528723621","https://openalex.org/W2560710469","https://openalex.org/W2561264561","https://openalex.org/W2566649664","https://openalex.org/W2591643104","https://openalex.org/W2593153425","https://openalex.org/W2595058657","https://openalex.org/W2611085592","https://openalex.org/W2619071992","https://openalex.org/W2619088930","https://openalex.org/W2619652679","https://openalex.org/W2620861376","https://openalex.org/W2736664499","https://openalex.org/W2761914344","https://openalex.org/W2765402978","https://openalex.org/W2766919573","https://openalex.org/W2768641295","https://openalex.org/W2771742794","https://openalex.org/W2774300242","https://openalex.org/W2776721619","https://openalex.org/W2781845912","https://openalex.org/W2790861264","https://openalex.org/W2808750195","https://openalex.org/W2810663665","https://openalex.org/W2852081132","https://openalex.org/W2883969560","https://openalex.org/W2898086341","https://openalex.org/W2900428190","https://openalex.org/W2902760740","https://openalex.org/W2903224878","https://openalex.org/W2904572026","https://openalex.org/W2904674517","https://openalex.org/W2910877813","https://openalex.org/W2912146721","https://openalex.org/W2912937545","https://openalex.org/W2913614072","https://openalex.org/W2914558775","https://openalex.org/W2914946519","https://openalex.org/W2916517845","https://openalex.org/W2945828484","https://openalex.org/W2947000687","https://openalex.org/W2949253647","https://openalex.org/W2950805899","https://openalex.org/W2954817585","https://openalex.org/W2959219118","https://openalex.org/W2978274548","https://openalex.org/W2988188761","https://openalex.org/W2990820114","https://openalex.org/W3012966569","https://openalex.org/W3023016985","https://openalex.org/W3035079106","https://openalex.org/W3037464230","https://openalex.org/W3043130544","https://openalex.org/W3045931048","https://openalex.org/W3087508297","https://openalex.org/W3093914072","https://openalex.org/W3098165131","https://openalex.org/W3106269494","https://openalex.org/W3108944598","https://openalex.org/W3187423116","https://openalex.org/W3188417081","https://openalex.org/W3196331376","https://openalex.org/W3207295180","https://openalex.org/W3212590177","https://openalex.org/W3217604405","https://openalex.org/W4200631054","https://openalex.org/W4205326478","https://openalex.org/W4206163887","https://openalex.org/W4206679854","https://openalex.org/W4212834654","https://openalex.org/W4221025292","https://openalex.org/W4221159873","https://openalex.org/W4225133094","https://openalex.org/W4226414110","https://openalex.org/W4229441970","https://openalex.org/W4229548728","https://openalex.org/W4233798822","https://openalex.org/W4252971871","https://openalex.org/W4283322587","https://openalex.org/W4283466582","https://openalex.org/W4293463910","https://openalex.org/W4300863585","https://openalex.org/W4317528979","https://openalex.org/W4317803821","https://openalex.org/W4322626441","https://openalex.org/W4322631338","https://openalex.org/W4323654498","https://openalex.org/W4361006922","https://openalex.org/W4361270681","https://openalex.org/W4362469286","https://openalex.org/W4365457751","https://openalex.org/W4367171631","https://openalex.org/W4367297339","https://openalex.org/W4387459303","https://openalex.org/W4387875008","https://openalex.org/W4389305412","https://openalex.org/W4393248029","https://openalex.org/W4393386246","https://openalex.org/W4393754647","https://openalex.org/W4394693935","https://openalex.org/W4395082322","https://openalex.org/W4398231207","https://openalex.org/W4399694547","https://openalex.org/W4399984950","https://openalex.org/W4400023350","https://openalex.org/W4400040932","https://openalex.org/W4400448230","https://openalex.org/W4401116902","https://openalex.org/W4401324419","https://openalex.org/W4401583359","https://openalex.org/W4402482723","https://openalex.org/W4404123738","https://openalex.org/W4405368310","https://openalex.org/W4406099957","https://openalex.org/W4406221829","https://openalex.org/W4407868425","https://openalex.org/W4408502911","https://openalex.org/W4408841545","https://openalex.org/W4409254860","https://openalex.org/W4409913323","https://openalex.org/W4410301725","https://openalex.org/W4412403355","https://openalex.org/W4414085199","https://openalex.org/W4414628432","https://openalex.org/W4415502964","https://openalex.org/W4416150961","https://openalex.org/W4416423464","https://openalex.org/W4416758221","https://openalex.org/W4416766255","https://openalex.org/W4416933203","https://openalex.org/W4417050589","https://openalex.org/W4417174828","https://openalex.org/W7119688618","https://openalex.org/W7123883253","https://openalex.org/W7140143052"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"progressive":[1],"miniaturization":[2],"of":[3,49,80,92,168,172],"devices":[4,144],"devoted":[5],"to":[6,106,148],"energy":[7,39,61,143,159,174,185],"manipulation":[8],"and":[9,34,72,85,136,161,175,179],"storage":[10],"calls":[11],"for":[12,32,38,59,182],"extending":[13],"thermodynamic":[14],"concepts":[15],"towards":[16],"regimes":[17],"where":[18],"quantum":[19,26,60,94,101,142,173,184],"effects":[20,37],"become":[21],"unavoidable.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,42,163],"context,":[25],"thermodynamics":[27],"provides":[28],"the":[29,50,78,90,117,166,169],"proper":[30],"framework":[31,156],"understanding":[33],"exploiting":[35],"non-classical":[36],"applications.":[40],"Within":[41],"framework,":[43],"we":[44,115],"present":[45],"a":[46,153],"comprehensive":[47],"review":[48,116,164],"role":[51,67],"played":[52],"by":[53],"spin":[54,123],"systems":[55],"as":[56,68],"versatile":[57],"platforms":[58],"technologies,":[62],"focusing":[63],"on":[64],"their":[65],"dual":[66],"Quantum":[69,73],"Thermal":[70],"Machines":[71],"Batteries.":[74],"We":[75,96],"discuss":[76],"how":[77,99],"combination":[79],"discrete":[81],"spectra,":[82],"engineered":[83],"interactions":[84],"long":[86],"coherence":[87],"times":[88],"enables":[89],"realization":[91],"high-performance":[93],"devices.":[95],"then":[97],"highlight":[98],"genuinely":[100],"features":[102],"can":[103],"be":[104],"exploited":[105],"achieve":[107],"performance":[108],"beyond":[109],"classical":[110],"limits.":[111],"Beyond":[112],"theoretical":[113],"developments,":[114],"rapid":[118],"experimental":[119],"progress":[120],"across":[121],"leading":[122],"platforms,":[124],"including":[125],"nuclear":[126],"magnetic":[127],"resonance":[128],"systems,":[129],"trapped":[130],"ions,":[131],"nitrogen-vacancy":[132],"centers":[133],"in":[134],"diamond":[135],"superconducting":[137],"circuits,":[138],"which":[139],"are":[140],"bringing":[141],"from":[145],"conceptual":[146],"proposals":[147],"actual":[149],"realizations.":[150],"By":[151],"presenting":[152],"unified":[154],"spin-based":[155],"that":[157],"integrates":[158],"conversion":[160],"storage,":[162],"outlines":[165],"foundations":[167],"emerging":[170],"field":[171],"identifies":[176],"key":[177],"challenges":[178],"future":[180],"directions":[181],"scalable":[183],"technologies.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-25T08:39:21.599409","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}