{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138868634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","title":"Joint Model Partitioning and Bandwidth Allocation for UAV-Assisted Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground\u2013Sea Integrated Network: A Hybrid A3C-PPO Approach","display_name":"Joint Model Partitioning and Bandwidth Allocation for UAV-Assisted Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground\u2013Sea Integrated Network: A Hybrid A3C-PPO Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138868634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuanmo Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64449678","display_name":"Putian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmsxk74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanmo Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129927709","display_name":"Yuanyuan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64449678","display_name":"Putian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmsxk74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130115873","display_name":"Minmin Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64449678","display_name":"Putian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmsxk74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minmin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Putian University, Putian 351100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129974628","display_name":"Shaoyu Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64449678","display_name":"Putian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmsxk74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Putian University, Putian 351100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129985583","display_name":"Xia Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64449678","display_name":"Putian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmsxk74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Putian University, Putian 351100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64449678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129767880","display_name":"Zhiyong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129767880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58202641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"337","last_page":"337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8080999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8080999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.13050000369548798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-priority-scheduling","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3626999855041504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8615999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6384000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206952183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193100","display_name":"Preemption","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194571728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206047","display_name":"Asynchronous Transfer Mode","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51332947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172305","display_name":"Shared resource","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41899989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f376fd6ee56c4f55885382c747b5cc8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f376fd6ee56c4f55885382c747b5cc8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 3, p 337 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13025364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025364/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8845237145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898155611","https://openalex.org/W3031958474","https://openalex.org/W3203864086","https://openalex.org/W4296706044","https://openalex.org/W4319341833","https://openalex.org/W4391696956","https://openalex.org/W4392007324","https://openalex.org/W4392940486","https://openalex.org/W4392969956","https://openalex.org/W4393972911","https://openalex.org/W4394586108","https://openalex.org/W4396605552","https://openalex.org/W4403037975","https://openalex.org/W4403262459","https://openalex.org/W4407638736","https://openalex.org/W4409250697","https://openalex.org/W4409275133","https://openalex.org/W4409560859","https://openalex.org/W4409707210","https://openalex.org/W4410294589","https://openalex.org/W4411079608","https://openalex.org/W4412702343","https://openalex.org/W4413329405","https://openalex.org/W4415322107","https://openalex.org/W7105593329","https://openalex.org/W7115194716"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicle":[2],"(UAV)-assisted":[3],"mobile":[4],"edge":[5],"computing":[6],"is":[7,94,158],"pivotal":[8],"for":[9,58],"the":[10,21,44,90,118,121,164],"Space-Air-Ground-Sea":[11],"Integrated":[12],"Network":[13,114],"(SAGSIN)":[14],"to":[15,30,63,104,127,139],"support":[16,31],"heterogeneous":[17],"task":[18,35,153,173,176],"offloading.":[19],"However,":[20],"inherent":[22],"resource":[23,66,141,180],"constraints":[24],"of":[25,47,125,172],"UAVs":[26],"limit":[27],"their":[28],"ability":[29],"intensive":[32],"and":[33,51,84,108,143,155,179],"concurrent":[34],"processing":[36,177],"in":[37,69,135,170],"dynamic":[38,183],"environments.":[39],"In":[40],"such":[41],"complex":[42,111],"scenarios,":[43],"dual":[45],"requirements":[46],"discrete":[48],"model":[49,91],"partitioning":[50,92],"continuous":[52],"bandwidth":[53],"allocation":[54],"make":[55],"it":[56],"difficult":[57],"traditional":[59],"reinforcement":[60],"learning":[61],"algorithms":[62],"achieve":[64],"optimal":[65],"matching.":[67],"Therefore,":[68],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"design":[73],"a":[74,100,146],"joint":[75],"optimization":[76,87],"framework":[77,119],"based":[78,151],"on":[79,152],"Asynchronous":[80],"Advantage":[81],"Actor-Critic":[82],"(A3C)":[83],"proximal":[85],"policy":[86],"(PPO).":[88],"Specifically,":[89],"strategy":[93],"learned":[95],"through":[96],"PPO,":[97],"which":[98],"utilizes":[99],"clipped":[101],"objective":[102],"function":[103],"ensure":[105,144],"training":[106],"stability":[107],"generalization":[109],"across":[110],"Deep":[112],"Neural":[113],"(DNN)":[115],"structures.":[116],"Moreover,":[117],"leverages":[120],"asynchronous":[122],"multi-threaded":[123],"architecture":[124],"A3C":[126],"dynamically":[128],"allocate":[129],"bandwidth,":[130],"effectively":[131],"accommodating":[132],"rapid":[133],"fluctuations":[134],"terminal":[136],"access.":[137],"Finally,":[138],"prevent":[140],"monopolization":[142],"fairness,":[145],"weighted":[147],"priority":[148],"scheduling":[149],"mechanism":[150],"urgency":[154],"computation":[156],"time":[157],"introduced.":[159],"Extensive":[160],"simulations":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163],"proposed":[165],"algorithm":[166],"outperforms":[167],"existing":[168],"approaches":[169],"terms":[171],"completion":[174],"rate,":[175],"latency,":[178],"utilization":[181],"under":[182],"SAGSIN":[184],"scenarios.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
