{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134182541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030302","title":"TimesNet-BFT: Mitigating Network State Uncertainty in Byzantine Consensus via Deep Temporal Modeling","display_name":"TimesNet-BFT: Mitigating Network State Uncertainty in Byzantine Consensus via Deep Temporal Modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134182541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030302","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/302/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128373571","display_name":"Haolong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734666","display_name":"Haijun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5094-5411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375513","display_name":"Yahui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-8867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128372579","display_name":"Hongliang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongliang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108890370","display_name":"Pan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-3005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29217661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"302","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.2833000123500824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.2833000123500824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.19120000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.10440000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.7414000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeout","display_name":"Timeout","score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retransmission","display_name":"Retransmission","score":0.3772999942302704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.7414000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31691690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753979","display_name":"Timeout","level":2,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180611318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316902","display_name":"Retransmission","level":3,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780186347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11414","display_name":"Subnetwork","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95981142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532","display_name":"Peering","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123757187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9195957","display_name":"Network dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41899954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d1a270f37434412a40081f83a14d86c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d1a270f37434412a40081f83a14d86c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 3, p 302 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13025613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025613/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6844401359558105,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2176030472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023ZD045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326153","funder_display_name":"Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3779813043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GY08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322542","funder_display_name":"Shihezi University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4248005698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023AA001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326153","funder_display_name":"Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322542","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326153","display_name":"Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps","ror":"https://ror.org/03hcmxw73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134182541.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134182541.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Byzantine":[0],"fault":[1],"tolerance":[2],"(BFT)":[3],"protocols":[4],"serve":[5],"as":[6],"the":[7,82,114,132,150,168,184,188],"cornerstone":[8],"of":[9,72,109,187],"data":[10],"consistency":[11],"in":[12,140],"permissioned":[13],"blockchains;":[14],"however,":[15],"their":[16],"scalability":[17],"is":[18],"inherently":[19],"constrained":[20],"by":[21,146,159],"stochastic":[22,86],"leader-centric":[23],"bottlenecks":[24,152],"and":[25,38,47,96,105,142],"rigid,":[26],"non-adaptive":[27],"timeout":[28,98],"mechanisms.":[29],"Existing":[30],"rule-based":[31],"heuristics":[32],"often":[33],"fail":[34],"to":[35,43,90,136,154],"capture":[36],"high-entropy":[37,129],"time-varying":[39],"network":[40,52,130],"latency,":[41],"leading":[42],"frequent":[44],"view":[45],"changes":[46],"severe":[48],"performance":[49],"degradation":[50],"under":[51,128],"volatility.":[53],"To":[54],"mitigate":[55],"this":[56,59],"epistemic":[57],"uncertainty,":[58],"paper":[60],"proposes":[61],"TimesNet-BFT,":[62],"a":[63,118,137],"novel":[64],"entropy-aware":[65],"optimization":[66],"framework.":[67],"By":[68],"leveraging":[69],"TimesNet's":[70],"transformation":[71],"one-dimensional":[73],"time":[74],"series":[75],"into":[76],"two-dimensional":[77],"tensors":[78],"for":[79],"multi-periodicity":[80],"analysis,":[81],"framework":[83,133],"accurately":[84],"characterizes":[85],"nodal":[87],"latency":[88,144],"patterns":[89],"facilitate":[91],"entropy-minimized":[92],"dynamic":[93],"leader":[94],"election":[95],"adaptive":[97],"strategies.":[99],"Extensive":[100],"evaluations":[101],"conducted":[102],"on":[103],"simulated":[104],"real-world":[106],"trace-driven":[107],"Internet":[108],"Vehicles":[110],"(IoV)":[111],"scenarios":[112],"validate":[113],"proposed":[115],"approach,":[116],"achieving":[117],"prediction":[119,166],"MAPE":[120],"below":[121],"5%":[122],"alongside":[123],"robust":[124],"zero-shot":[125],"generalization.":[126],"Notably,":[127],"conditions,":[131],"demonstrates":[134],"up":[135],"191.9%":[138],"increase":[139],"throughput":[141],"mitigates":[143],"variance":[145],"73.3%,":[147],"effectively":[148],"neutralizing":[149],"structural":[151],"inherent":[153],"traditional":[155],"information-agnostic":[156],"protocols.":[157],"Crucially,":[158],"mathematically":[160],"decoupling":[161],"consensus":[162,189],"safety":[163],"from":[164],"AI":[165],"errors,":[167],"system":[169],"introduces":[170],"an":[171],"aggressive":[172],"liveness":[173],"paradigm":[174],"that":[175],"maintains":[176],"minimal":[177],"control":[178],"plane":[179],"overhead":[180],"while":[181],"significantly":[182],"enhancing":[183],"entropic":[185],"stability":[186],"process.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-09T00:00:00"}
