{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133528684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030291","title":"A Non-Stationary Model for Analysis of Impedance Spectra of Biological Samples","display_name":"A Non-Stationary Model for Analysis of Impedance Spectra of Biological Samples","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133528684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030291","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030291","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/291/pdf?version=1772626212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/291/pdf?version=1772626212","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094078279","display_name":"Gabriela Janik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Janik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1649-1671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053539515","display_name":"Urszula Kami\u0144ska","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Urszula Kami\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4651-0985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marta Kasprzyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5513-8750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Kasprzyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00664 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5513-8750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00664 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075768182","display_name":"Leszek Niedzicki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-0044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leszek Niedzicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00664 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-0044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00664 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072537958","display_name":"Teodor Buchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teodor Buchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00662 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053539515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39914533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"291","last_page":"291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.11779999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.11779999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.09449999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.08349999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesoscopic-physics","display_name":"Mesoscopic physics","score":0.9473999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-circuit","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-data","display_name":"Experimental data","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionic-bonding","display_name":"Ionic bonding","score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.3386000096797943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177731217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622244","display_name":"Mesoscopic physics","level":2,"score":0.9473999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23572009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964981","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","level":3,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55037315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421151","display_name":"Experimental data","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81370116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249","display_name":"Time constant","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47463417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6583695","display_name":"Thermal expansion","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187428577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898396","display_name":"Ionic strength","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030291","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/291/pdf?version=1772626212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41899943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5535b028c7eb40fd82faa873f9964655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5535b028c7eb40fd82faa873f9964655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 3, p 291 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13025317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025317/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28030291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030291","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/3/291/pdf?version=1772626212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5118222832679749}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133528684.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133528684.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1640629060","https://openalex.org/W2001808270","https://openalex.org/W2017589165","https://openalex.org/W2022981781","https://openalex.org/W2059633577","https://openalex.org/W2065064086","https://openalex.org/W2067391414","https://openalex.org/W2069472142","https://openalex.org/W2073192108","https://openalex.org/W2088418136","https://openalex.org/W2089297628","https://openalex.org/W2094582809","https://openalex.org/W2094843413","https://openalex.org/W2117465127","https://openalex.org/W2157016393","https://openalex.org/W2178238385","https://openalex.org/W2187506512","https://openalex.org/W2213276966","https://openalex.org/W2471673931","https://openalex.org/W2609991668","https://openalex.org/W2934396928","https://openalex.org/W3080501015","https://openalex.org/W3128134204","https://openalex.org/W3186474363","https://openalex.org/W3197448943","https://openalex.org/W3202325891","https://openalex.org/W3204455606","https://openalex.org/W4220835236","https://openalex.org/W4289111356","https://openalex.org/W4304811021","https://openalex.org/W4308456249","https://openalex.org/W4322754454","https://openalex.org/W4327680221","https://openalex.org/W4385374585","https://openalex.org/W4386221535","https://openalex.org/W4391538977","https://openalex.org/W4392384425","https://openalex.org/W4400583039","https://openalex.org/W4404246135","https://openalex.org/W4405922942","https://openalex.org/W4408692714","https://openalex.org/W4409081312","https://openalex.org/W4413807725"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"impedance":[1],"spectrum":[2],"(EIS)":[3],"is":[4,40,115,142],"attracting":[5],"attention":[6],"in":[7,93,129,224],"many":[8],"areas":[9],"of":[10,47,62,86,113,136,186,190,193,212],"science,":[11],"ranging":[12],"from":[13,74,157],"electrochemistry":[14],"and":[15,29,106,170,174],"material":[16,27],"science":[17],"to":[18,54,64,126,152,200,207],"medical":[19],"diagnosis.":[20],"Interestingly,":[21],"theoretical":[22,145,169],"description":[23,76],"often":[24],"stops":[25],"at":[26],"constants":[28],"specific":[30],"physical":[31],"mechanisms":[32],"are":[33],"represented":[34],"by":[35,43,144],"equivalent":[36,79],"circuit":[37,80],"elements,":[38],"which":[39,57,124],"also":[41,183],"motivated":[42],"the":[44,65,75,87,91,110,118,120,130,158,168,171,176,180,187,191,194,197,201,209,213,216,222],"common":[45],"use":[46],"various":[48],"bridge":[49],"methods.":[50],"This":[51],"specifically":[52],"applies":[53],"biological":[55,95],"samples,":[56],"exhibit":[58],"a":[59,71,94,97,104,149,164],"rich":[60],"variety":[61],"responses":[63],"electric":[66],"field.":[67],"Here,":[68],"we":[69],"present":[70],"step":[72],"further":[73],"that":[77,102],"utilizes":[78],"elements.":[81],"We":[82,162,182],"demonstrate":[83,163,184],"how":[84],"alteration":[85],"mesoscopic":[88,202,225],"structure":[89],"affects":[90],"EIS":[92],"sample:":[96],"cucumber":[98,121],"under":[99],"thermal":[100],"treatment":[101],"comprises":[103],"cooling":[105],"warming":[107],"phase.":[108],"As":[109],"freezing":[111],"temperature":[112,188],"water":[114],"exceeded":[116],"during":[117],"cycle,":[119],"becomes":[122],"frosted,":[123],"leads":[125],"unrecoverable":[127],"changes":[128,223],"internal":[131],"structure,":[132,203,226],"with":[133],"no":[134],"change":[135],"chemical":[137],"composition.":[138],"The":[139],"experimental":[140,172,229],"evidence":[141],"complemented":[143],"analysis,":[146],"based":[147],"on":[148,228],"novel":[150],"approach":[151],"modeling":[153],"non-stationary":[154],"problems,":[155],"derived":[156],"stationary":[159],"Poisson-Boltzmann":[160],"equation.":[161],"qualitative":[165],"agreement":[166],"between":[167],"results,":[173],"discuss":[175],"procedure":[177],"for":[178],"tuning":[179],"model.":[181],"that,":[185],"variations":[189],"position":[192],"beta":[195],"dispersion,":[196],"one":[198],"related":[199],"can":[204],"be":[205],"used":[206],"assess":[208],"ionic":[210],"strength":[211],"material,":[214],"determine":[215],"microscopic":[217],"diffusion":[218],"constant,":[219],"or":[220],"reflect":[221],"depending":[227],"protocol.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}
