{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124764611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010112","title":"First Experimental Measurements of Biophotons from Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Cell Cultures","display_name":"First Experimental Measurements of Biophotons from Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Cell Cultures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124764611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010112","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/112/pdf?version=1768635471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/112/pdf?version=1768635471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044662428","display_name":"Luca De Paolis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca De Paolis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660","https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062951393","display_name":"Elisabetta Pace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-9010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabetta Pace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660","https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chiara Maria Mazzanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-9221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801616091","display_name":"Fondazione Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnab13","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Maria Mazzanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103162463","display_name":"Mariangela Morelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-4037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801616091","display_name":"Fondazione Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnab13","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariangela Morelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123334102","display_name":"Francesca Di Lorenzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801616091","display_name":"Fondazione Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnab13","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Di Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801616091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032782408","display_name":"Lucio Tonello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-3182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308321612","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308321612"]}],"countries":["MY","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Tonello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA","Gioya Higher Education Institution, E305, The Hub Workspace, Triq San Andrija, SGN1612 San Gwann, Malta"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gioya Higher Education Institution, E305, The Hub Workspace, Triq San Andrija, SGN1612 San Gwann, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308321612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Catalina Curceanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-0127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catalina Curceanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660","https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024889969","display_name":"A. Clozza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-1725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Clozza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660","https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087971877","display_name":"Maurizio Grandi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Grandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto La Torre, Via M. Ponzio 10, 10141 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto La Torre, Via M. Ponzio 10, 10141 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083158915","display_name":"I. Davoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Davoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069244660","display_name":"Angelo Gemignani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-874X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Gemignani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075588076","display_name":"P. Grigolini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Grigolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064091956","display_name":"M. Benfatto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2493-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Benfatto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660","https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044662428","https://openalex.org/A5062951393","https://openalex.org/A5064091956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I2801616091","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14897539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"112","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13044","display_name":"Biofield Effects and Biophysics","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13044","display_name":"Biofield Effects and Biophysics","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14488","display_name":"Chemical and Physical Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glioblastoma","display_name":"Glioblastoma","score":0.635200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u87","display_name":"U87","score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-cells","display_name":"Tumor cells","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-culture","display_name":"Cell culture","score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-signaling","display_name":"Cell signaling","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-photon-excitation-microscopy","display_name":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","score":0.3402999937534332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282142","display_name":"Glioblastoma","level":2,"score":0.635200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128473837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7863603","display_name":"U87","level":3,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020616263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216998","display_name":"Tumor cells","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150555746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cell signaling","level":3,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47785574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373859","display_name":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","level":3,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994212657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Cellular metabolism","level":3,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181500209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328","display_name":"Excited state","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152662350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815297","display_name":"Systems biology","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207282930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380811","display_name":"Entropy production","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6506039","display_name":"Living systems","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/112/pdf?version=1768635471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41594019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:94e8ad61ddf944e58b00586f3e707de5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/94e8ad61ddf944e58b00586f3e707de5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 1, p 112 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12840560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12840560/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/112/pdf?version=1768635471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124764611.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124764611.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968615587","https://openalex.org/W1978195556","https://openalex.org/W1978680703","https://openalex.org/W1985758640","https://openalex.org/W1989237739","https://openalex.org/W1993417660","https://openalex.org/W1997607787","https://openalex.org/W2000815551","https://openalex.org/W2016452924","https://openalex.org/W2021904101","https://openalex.org/W2023802094","https://openalex.org/W2048137878","https://openalex.org/W2064142152","https://openalex.org/W2096287682","https://openalex.org/W2098406245","https://openalex.org/W2155176960","https://openalex.org/W2160984073","https://openalex.org/W2324259278","https://openalex.org/W2499288807","https://openalex.org/W2899097888","https://openalex.org/W3002274740","https://openalex.org/W3016463384","https://openalex.org/W3157775700","https://openalex.org/W3174246647","https://openalex.org/W4240051311","https://openalex.org/W4387501461","https://openalex.org/W4394992939","https://openalex.org/W4399870880","https://openalex.org/W4400038049"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biophotons":[0],"are":[1,196],"non-thermal":[2],"and":[3,19,38,57,73,98,120,147,158,176,194,198,214,225],"non-bioluminescent":[4],"ultraweak":[5],"photon":[6],"emissions,":[7],"first":[8,64],"hypothesised":[9],"by":[10,182],"Gurwitsch":[11],"as":[12,218],"a":[13,114,219],"regulatory":[14],"mechanism":[15],"in":[16,23,43,54,89,200],"cell":[17],"division,":[18],"then":[20],"experimentally":[21],"observed":[22],"living":[24],"organisms.":[25],"Today,":[26],"two":[27,85],"main":[28],"hypotheses":[29],"explain":[30],"their":[31],"origin:":[32],"stochastic":[33],"decay":[34],"of":[35,52,66,95,101,109,127,192,228],"excited":[36],"molecules":[37],"coherent":[39],"electromagnetic":[40],"fields":[41],"produced":[42],"biochemical":[44],"processes.":[45],"Recent":[46],"interest":[47],"focuses":[48],"on":[49,211],"the":[50,63,92,99,110,124,128,138,164,184,189,201,206,226],"role":[51],"biophotons":[53],"cellular":[55,118,159,229],"communication":[56],"disease":[58],"monitoring.":[59],"This":[60,203],"study":[61,227],"presents":[62],"campaign":[65],"biophoton":[67,167,216],"emission":[68],"measurements":[69],"from":[70],"cultured":[71],"astrocytes":[72],"glioblastoma":[74],"cells,":[75],"conducted":[76],"at":[77],"Fondazione":[78],"Pisana":[79],"per":[80],"la":[81],"Scienza":[82],"(FPS)":[83],"using":[84],"ultra-sensitive":[86],"setups":[87],"developed":[88],"collaboration":[90],"between":[91,117],"National":[93],"Laboratories":[94],"Frascati":[96],"(LNF-INFN)":[97],"University":[100],"Rome":[102],"II":[103],"Tor":[104],"Vergata.":[105],"The":[106,130,179],"statistical":[107],"analyses":[108],"collected":[111],"data":[112,139],"revealed":[113,181],"clear":[115],"separation":[116],"signals":[119,191],"dark":[121],"noise,":[122],"confirming":[123],"high":[125],"sensitivity":[126],"apparatus.":[129],"Diffusion":[131,185],"Entropy":[132,186],"Analysis":[133,187],"(DEA)":[134],"was":[135],"applied":[136],"to":[137,140,155,188],"uncover":[141],"dynamic":[142],"patterns,":[143],"revealing":[144],"anomalous":[145],"diffusion":[146],"long-range":[148],"memory":[149],"effects":[150],"that":[151,166],"may":[152],"be":[153],"related":[154],"intercellular":[156],"signaling":[157],"communication.":[160,230],"These":[161],"findings":[162],"support":[163],"hypothesis":[165],"emissions":[168],"encode":[169],"rich":[170],"information":[171],"beyond":[172],"intensity,":[173],"reflecting":[174],"metabolic":[175],"pathological":[177],"states.":[178],"differences":[180],"applying":[183],"biophotonic":[190],"Astrocytes":[193],"Glioblastoma":[195],"highlighted":[197],"discussed":[199],"paper.":[202],"work":[204],"lays":[205],"groundwork":[207],"for":[208,222],"future":[209],"studies":[210],"neuronal":[212],"cultures":[213],"proposes":[215],"dynamics":[217],"promising":[220],"tool":[221],"non-invasive":[223],"diagnostics":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00"}