{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124309814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010102","title":"A Transformer\u2013LSTM Hybrid Detector for OFDM-IM Signal Detection","display_name":"A Transformer\u2013LSTM Hybrid Detector for OFDM-IM Signal Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124309814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010102","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010102","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/102/pdf?version=1768527141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/102/pdf?version=1768527141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004256092","display_name":"Leijun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5222-0015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114053335","display_name":"Z. Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124138","display_name":"Bruel & Kjaer Sound and Vibration Measurement (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vzt4388","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124138"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zian Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sound and Vibration Division P&R Measurement Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519125, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sound and Vibration Division P&R Measurement Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519125, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123099594","display_name":"Kuan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123164567","display_name":"Jinfa Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfa Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060517064","display_name":"Xidong Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xidong Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123152504","display_name":"Bolong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bolong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-9535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiawen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-9535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049346193","display_name":"Xianxian Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianxian Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-7031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-7031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081380558","display_name":"Rongjun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8133-5472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongjun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06675508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"102","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.6498000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.6498000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.2906999886035919,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.01850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7940999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.40790000557899475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7940999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010102","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/102/pdf?version=1768527141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41594009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9861474658de41768bec583bc5003f43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9861474658de41768bec583bc5003f43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 1, p 102 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12839612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12839612/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010102","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/102/pdf?version=1768527141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124309814.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124309814.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2129506838","https://openalex.org/W2540924152","https://openalex.org/W2621135414","https://openalex.org/W2741538375","https://openalex.org/W2751411055","https://openalex.org/W2946774101","https://openalex.org/W2964198392","https://openalex.org/W3156023588","https://openalex.org/W4225983804","https://openalex.org/W4378575914","https://openalex.org/W4385079048","https://openalex.org/W4398187684","https://openalex.org/W4400033319","https://openalex.org/W4415504584"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,80],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,33,53,65,70,78,83,103],"signal":[4,47],"detection":[5,48,95],"problem":[6,62],"in":[7],"orthogonal":[8],"frequency":[9],"division":[10],"multiplexing":[11],"with":[12,36,115],"index":[13],"modulation":[14,91],"(OFDM-IM)":[15],"systems":[16],"using":[17],"deep":[18],"learning":[19],"(DL)":[20],"techniques.":[21],"In":[22],"particular,":[23],"a":[24,50,59],"DL-based":[25,124],"detector":[26,84,106],"termed":[27],"FullTrans-IM":[28,105],"is":[29],"proposed,":[30],"which":[31],"integrates":[32],"Transformer":[34],"architecture":[35],"long":[37],"short-term":[38],"memory":[39],"(LSTM)":[40],"networks.":[41],"Unlike":[42],"conventional":[43,116],"methods":[44,117],"that":[45,102],"treat":[46],"as":[49,58,119],"classification":[51],"task,":[52],"proposed":[54,104],"approach":[55],"reformulates":[56],"it":[57],"sequence":[60,66],"prediction":[61],"by":[63],"exploiting":[64],"modeling":[67],"capability":[68],"of":[69],"Transformer's":[71],"decoder":[72],"rather":[73],"than":[74],"relying":[75],"solely":[76],"on":[77],"encoder.":[79],"formulation":[81],"enables":[82],"to":[85],"effectively":[86],"learn":[87],"channel":[88],"characteristics":[89],"and":[90,97,122],"patterns,":[92],"thereby":[93],"improving":[94],"accuracy":[96],"robustness.":[98],"Simulation":[99],"results":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"achieves":[107],"superior":[108],"bit":[109],"error":[110],"rate":[111],"(BER)":[112],"performance":[113],"compared":[114],"such":[118],"zero-forcing":[120],"(ZF)":[121],"existing":[123],"detectors":[125],"under":[126],"Rayleigh":[127],"fading":[128],"channels.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-16T00:00:00"}
