{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117489606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010039","title":"Multi-Party Semi-Quantum Simultaneous Ascending Auction Protocol Based on Single-Particle States","display_name":"Multi-Party Semi-Quantum Simultaneous Ascending Auction Protocol Based on Single-Particle States","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117489606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010039","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/39/pdf?version=1766905037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/39/pdf?version=1766905037","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121477023","display_name":"Xiuqi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuqi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121456879","display_name":"Yu Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088193237","display_name":"B.C. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baichang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121472368","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736854","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00n6txq60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100837621","display_name":"Yunguang Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunguang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100837621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81494655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"39","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8705000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8705000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-value-auction","display_name":"Common value auction","score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidding","display_name":"Bidding","score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vickrey\u2013clarke\u2013groves-auction","display_name":"Vickrey\u2013Clarke\u2013Groves auction","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-auction","display_name":"Combinatorial auction","score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unique-bid-auction","display_name":"Unique bid auction","score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-second-price-auction","display_name":"Generalized second-price auction","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-auction","display_name":"English auction","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vickrey-auction","display_name":"Vickrey auction","score":0.4268999993801117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7462000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163239763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153637","display_name":"Common value auction","level":2,"score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147220207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q773073","display_name":"Vickrey\u2013Clarke\u2013Groves auction","level":4,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59919655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5150821","display_name":"Combinatorial auction","level":3,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205871297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765312","display_name":"Unique bid auction","level":4,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48278072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532508","display_name":"Generalized second-price auction","level":4,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112481924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626270","display_name":"English auction","level":3,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83426474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243758","display_name":"Vickrey auction","level":4,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74979957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4819604","display_name":"Auction algorithm","level":5,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94253299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4346752","display_name":"Spectrum auction","level":5,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11276805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771334","display_name":"Auction theory","level":3,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171749020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4903974","display_name":"Bid shading","level":5,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91196458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781384","display_name":"Eauction","level":4,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/39/pdf?version=1766905037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41593946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89278a53156746ac82452237108644c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89278a53156746ac82452237108644c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 1, p 39 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12840168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12840168/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/39/pdf?version=1766905037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6300633459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS2025030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7471967801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117489606.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967124637","https://openalex.org/W1967332046","https://openalex.org/W1997494635","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2044425101","https://openalex.org/W2056207419","https://openalex.org/W2080428534","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2104812648","https://openalex.org/W2282871746","https://openalex.org/W2295822690","https://openalex.org/W2397193866","https://openalex.org/W2781823648","https://openalex.org/W2901174000","https://openalex.org/W2990661589","https://openalex.org/W3189715742","https://openalex.org/W3193918847","https://openalex.org/W3213126680","https://openalex.org/W3214044651","https://openalex.org/W4210835798","https://openalex.org/W4220836318","https://openalex.org/W4226079344","https://openalex.org/W4280553988","https://openalex.org/W4288052074","https://openalex.org/W4324360411","https://openalex.org/W4387385790","https://openalex.org/W4388100838","https://openalex.org/W4389526970","https://openalex.org/W4390662468","https://openalex.org/W4390872922","https://openalex.org/W4392110152","https://openalex.org/W4398214094"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simultaneous":[0],"ascending":[1,66,163],"auctions":[2,164],"find":[3],"extensive":[4],"applications":[5],"in":[6,146],"spectrum":[7],"licensing":[8],"and":[9,30,88,98,149,181,208],"advertising":[10],"space":[11],"allocation.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"quantum":[15,35,41,52,84,96,122],"sealed-bid":[16],"auction":[17,67,152,187,216],"protocols":[18],"suffer":[19],"from":[20,44],"dual":[21],"limitations:":[22],"they":[23],"cannot":[24],"support":[25],"multi-item":[26],"simultaneous":[27,65,162],"bidding":[28,117],"scenarios,":[29],"their":[31,93,101],"reliance":[32],"on":[33,70],"complex":[34],"resources":[36],"along":[37],"with":[38,196],"requiring":[39],"full":[40],"operational":[42],"capabilities":[43],"bidders":[45,125],"fails":[46],"to":[47,126],"accommodate":[48],"practical":[49],"constraints":[50],"of":[51],"resource-limited":[53],"users.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"these":[57],"challenges,":[58],"this":[59],"paper":[60],"proposes":[61],"a":[62,76,111,171,213],"multi-party":[63],"semi-quantum":[64,215],"protocol":[68,74],"based":[69],"single-particle":[71],"states.":[72],"The":[73],"employs":[75],"trusted":[77],"honest":[78],"third":[79],"party":[80],"(HTP)":[81],"responsible":[82],"for":[83,129,143,165,178,218],"state":[85],"generation,":[86],"distribution,":[87],"security":[89,177,202],"verification.":[90],"Bidders":[91],"determine":[92],"groups":[94],"through":[95],"measurements":[97],"privately":[99],"encode":[100],"bid":[102,142,158,179],"vectors.":[103],"Upon":[104],"successful":[105],"HTP":[106,119,138],"authentication,":[107],"each":[108,144],"bidder":[109],"obtains":[110],"unique":[112],"identity":[113,182],"code.":[114],"During":[115],"the":[116,140,193],"phase,":[118],"dynamically":[120],"updates":[121],"sequences,":[123],"allowing":[124],"submit":[127],"bids":[128],"multiple":[130,166],"items":[131],"by":[132],"performing":[133],"only":[134],"simple":[135],"unitary":[136],"operations.":[137],"announces":[139],"highest":[141,157],"item":[145],"real":[147],"time":[148],"iteratively":[150],"generates":[151],"sequences":[153],"until":[154],"no":[155],"new":[156],"emerges,":[159],"thereby":[160],"achieving":[161],"items.":[167],"It":[168,211],"acts":[169],"as":[170],"quantum-secured":[172],"signaling":[173],"layer,":[174],"ensuring":[175],"unconditional":[176],"transmission":[180],"verification":[183],"while":[184,199],"maintaining":[185],"classical":[186],"logic.":[188],"Quantum":[189],"circuit":[190],"simulations":[191],"validate":[192],"protocol's":[194],"feasibility":[195],"current":[197],"technology":[198],"satisfying":[200],"critical":[201],"requirements,":[203],"including":[204],"anonymity,":[205],"verifiability,":[206],"non-repudiation,":[207],"privacy":[209],"preservation.":[210],"provides":[212],"scalable":[214],"solution":[217],"resource-constrained":[219],"scenarios.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"}