{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117467717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010033","title":"A Survey on Proof of Sequential Work: Development, Security Analysis, and Application Prospects","display_name":"A Survey on Proof of Sequential Work: Development, Security Analysis, and Application Prospects","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117467717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010033","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/33/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/33/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingjing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0029-6636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0029-6636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071827863","display_name":"Yinxia Ran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinxia Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China","School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Longnan Normal University, Longnan 742500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Longnan Normal University, Longnan 742500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890","https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121515165","display_name":"Xiuju Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuju Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060586262","display_name":"Cong Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-7216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017377855","display_name":"Junke Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junke Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121474366","display_name":"Yun Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112388636","display_name":"L Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153682","display_name":"Intelligent Health (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/0576zak10","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153682"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","Shandong Raone Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technolog, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Raone Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121498613","display_name":"Jingtao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8972-247X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Beijing 100024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7805655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.43149998784065247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.43149998784065247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.20819999277591705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.07720000296831131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.9294999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.40790000557899475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.9294999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116222747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220888","display_name":"Falsifiability","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174998907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357662","display_name":"Work in process","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28369998931884766}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/33/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41593940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1773347be0c34041944a1c6c315ab6a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1773347be0c34041944a1c6c315ab6a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 28, Iss 1, p 33 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12840403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12840403/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28010033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28010033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/28/1/33/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2328955615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUC240T08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317515205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3553046183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5836521450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5850552267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021CXGC010106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117467717.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117467717.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480477462","https://openalex.org/W1968299012","https://openalex.org/W1969728959","https://openalex.org/W1978262582","https://openalex.org/W1981455414","https://openalex.org/W2012646342","https://openalex.org/W2039317858","https://openalex.org/W2047000063","https://openalex.org/W2088091599","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2165864715","https://openalex.org/W2414145994","https://openalex.org/W2808480449","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2927551711","https://openalex.org/W2930052492","https://openalex.org/W2945269180","https://openalex.org/W2953635274","https://openalex.org/W2953744829","https://openalex.org/W2990498574","https://openalex.org/W3097686387","https://openalex.org/W3132876210","https://openalex.org/W3138063853","https://openalex.org/W4205348036","https://openalex.org/W4234552156","https://openalex.org/W4303981283","https://openalex.org/W4312683657","https://openalex.org/W4365934498","https://openalex.org/W4385654278","https://openalex.org/W4386215236","https://openalex.org/W4387028942","https://openalex.org/W4387319408","https://openalex.org/W4401615981","https://openalex.org/W4401655823","https://openalex.org/W4409254298","https://openalex.org/W4410137597","https://openalex.org/W4411023348","https://openalex.org/W4411337218"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof":[0],"of":[1,30,63,79],"sequential":[2],"work":[3],"(PoSW),":[4],"as":[5],"an":[6],"emerging":[7],"cryptographic":[8],"primitive,":[9],"is":[10],"designed":[11],"to":[12,89],"provide":[13,90],"a":[14,20,25,68,91],"verifiable":[15,84],"method":[16],"for":[17,94],"proving":[18],"that":[19],"computational":[21],"process":[22],"has":[23],"incurred":[24],"real":[26],"and":[27,44,51,60,76,96],"continuous":[28],"expenditure":[29],"time.":[31],"This":[32,47],"characteristic":[33],"demonstrates":[34],"its":[35,80],"significant":[36],"application":[37,77],"potential":[38,58],"in":[39,98],"decentralized":[40],"systems,":[41],"time-stamping":[42],"services,":[43],"trusted":[45],"computing.":[46],"paper":[48],"systematically":[49],"reviews":[50],"discusses":[52],"the":[53,73],"developmental":[54],"trajectory,":[55],"typical":[56],"variants,":[57],"attacks,":[59],"diverse":[61],"applications":[62],"PoSW.":[64],"Concurrently,":[65],"it":[66],"places":[67],"special":[69,82],"emphasis":[70],"on":[71],"analyzing":[72],"evolutionary":[74],"path":[75],"scenarios":[78],"important":[81],"case-the":[83],"delay":[85],"function":[86],"(VDF)":[87],"aiming":[88],"comprehensive":[92],"reference":[93],"research":[95],"practice":[97],"related":[99],"fields.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"}