{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417247193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121252","title":"MaSS-Droid: Android Malware Detection Framework Using Multi-Layer Feature Screening and Stacking Integration","display_name":"MaSS-Droid: Android Malware Detection Framework Using Multi-Layer Feature Screening and Stacking Integration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417247193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121252","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41440454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27121252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/12/1252/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/12/1252/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040055714","display_name":"Zihao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9664-0218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799449666","display_name":"State Ethnic Affairs Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/01p9g6b97","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019309368","display_name":"North Minzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xjevr11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016834181","display_name":"Qiang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-2219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799449666","display_name":"State Ethnic Affairs Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/01p9g6b97","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019309368","display_name":"North Minzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xjevr11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-2219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112859568","display_name":"Zhichao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-7372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799449666","display_name":"State Ethnic Affairs Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/01p9g6b97","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019309368","display_name":"North Minzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xjevr11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019309368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image and Graphic Processing of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016834181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799449666","https://openalex.org/I3019309368"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42405576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"12","first_page":"1252","last_page":"1252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opcode","display_name":"Opcode","score":0.9072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8360999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.3984000086784363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52173422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766483","display_name":"Opcode","level":2,"score":0.9072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8417999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8360999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5113999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983787585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature matching","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27121252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/12/1252/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41440454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41440454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce61b338ba474fe396f8ac8e855a933b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce61b338ba474fe396f8ac8e855a933b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 12, p 1252 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12731647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12731647/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27121252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/12/1252/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5473648250","display_name":"\u53ef\u4fe1\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u53ca\u5176\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61862001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417247193.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W2783327762","https://openalex.org/W2792310543","https://openalex.org/W2941199301","https://openalex.org/W2982705228","https://openalex.org/W2999422148","https://openalex.org/W3000239448","https://openalex.org/W3025067198","https://openalex.org/W3027678336","https://openalex.org/W3047385758","https://openalex.org/W3081627837","https://openalex.org/W3083703328","https://openalex.org/W3138102940","https://openalex.org/W3141138956","https://openalex.org/W3145971023","https://openalex.org/W3204018862","https://openalex.org/W3215345317","https://openalex.org/W4200256722","https://openalex.org/W4311045424","https://openalex.org/W4381233012","https://openalex.org/W4386947897","https://openalex.org/W4387941248","https://openalex.org/W4388407860","https://openalex.org/W4399073457","https://openalex.org/W4399697040","https://openalex.org/W4402308417","https://openalex.org/W4403181928","https://openalex.org/W4403601378","https://openalex.org/W4403694436","https://openalex.org/W4406085105","https://openalex.org/W4408239424","https://openalex.org/W4408478794","https://openalex.org/W4410985179","https://openalex.org/W4411044625"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,26,99,103,107,132,141,147,163,171,181],"frequent":[4],"emergence":[5],"of":[6,19,28,66,102,109,134,146,186],"Android":[7],"malware":[8,38,48,156,187],"has":[9],"posed":[10],"a":[11,47,82],"significant":[12],"threat":[13],"to":[14,37,89],"user":[15],"security.":[16],"The":[17,158],"redundancy":[18],"features":[20,67],"in":[21,117],"malicious":[22],"software":[23],"samples":[24],"and":[25,56,78,97,113,143,154,178,184],"instability":[27],"individual":[29],"model":[30,149],"performance":[31,111,145],"have":[32],"also":[33],"introduced":[34],"numerous":[35],"challenges":[36],"detection.":[39,188],"To":[40,105],"address":[41],"these":[42],"issues,":[43],"this":[44,120,137],"paper":[45,121],"proposes":[46,122],"detection":[49,95],"framework":[50,165],"named":[51],"Mass-Droid,":[52],"based":[53],"on":[54],"Multi-feature":[55],"Multi-layer":[57],"Screening":[58],"for":[59],"adaptive":[60,124],"Stacking":[61,125],"integration.":[62],"First,":[63],"three":[64],"types":[65],"are":[68],"extracted":[69],"from":[70],"APK":[71],"files:":[72],"permission":[73],"features,":[74,77],"API":[75],"call":[76],"opcode":[79],"sequences.":[80],"Then,":[81],"three-layer":[83],"feature":[84,92,176],"screening":[85],"mechanism":[86],"is":[87],"designed":[88],"effectively":[90,167],"eliminate":[91],"redundancy,":[93,177],"improve":[94,170],"accuracy,":[96],"reduce":[98,175],"computational":[100],"complexity":[101],"model.":[104],"tackle":[106],"problem":[108],"high":[110],"fluctuations":[112],"limited":[114],"generalization":[115,144,173],"ability":[116],"single":[118],"models,":[119],"an":[123],"integration":[126],"method":[127,138],"(Adaptive-Stacking).":[128],"By":[129],"dynamically":[130],"adjusting":[131],"weights":[133],"base":[135],"classifiers,":[136],"significantly":[139,179],"enhances":[140],"stability":[142,183],"ensemble":[148],"when":[150],"dealing":[151],"with":[152],"complex":[153],"diverse":[155],"samples.":[157],"experimental":[159],"results":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"MaSS-Droid":[164],"can":[166],"mitigate":[168],"overfitting,":[169],"model\u2019s":[172],"capability,":[174],"enhance":[180],"overall":[182],"accuracy":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}