{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411494835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","title":"Simon\u2019s Algorithm in the NISQ Cloud","display_name":"Simon\u2019s Algorithm in the NISQ Cloud","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411494835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40724375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27070658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102226629","display_name":"Reece Robertson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1064-0012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reece Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1064-0012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055917468","display_name":"Emery Doucet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emery Doucet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099230702","display_name":"Ernest Spicer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0983-5966"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest Spicer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sagax.ai, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0983-5966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sagax.ai, Pullman, WA 99163, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089720386","display_name":"Sebastian Deffner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-6932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151733","display_name":"Joint Quantum Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xz38214","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210151733","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Deffner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","National Quantum Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA","Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-6932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Quantum Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Science Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102226629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.3578,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89708956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"7","first_page":"658","last_page":"658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7042310237884521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6719851493835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47330442070961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3557005822658539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09904822707176208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7042310237884521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6719851493835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47330442070961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3557005822658539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09904822707176208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27070658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40724375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40724375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5bb535c5935d4314b52e6035f2041551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bb535c5935d4314b52e6035f2041551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 7, p 658 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12294995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12294995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27070658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3275643745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","funder_display_name":"John Templeton Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566766357","https://openalex.org/W1784120331","https://openalex.org/W1963734567","https://openalex.org/W2006290558","https://openalex.org/W2016321815","https://openalex.org/W2117584890","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2170620327","https://openalex.org/W2171001107","https://openalex.org/W2482126025","https://openalex.org/W2525785476","https://openalex.org/W2772247795","https://openalex.org/W2775795709","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3006632381","https://openalex.org/W3100111077","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3102734430","https://openalex.org/W3107371565","https://openalex.org/W3107463944","https://openalex.org/W3129510818","https://openalex.org/W3147660836","https://openalex.org/W3173899054","https://openalex.org/W3176603110","https://openalex.org/W3207323274","https://openalex.org/W3209967515","https://openalex.org/W3216410175","https://openalex.org/W4206256481","https://openalex.org/W4214869347","https://openalex.org/W4280566442","https://openalex.org/W4281891658","https://openalex.org/W4283210753","https://openalex.org/W4285251258","https://openalex.org/W4297102734","https://openalex.org/W4301394264","https://openalex.org/W4323644127","https://openalex.org/W4366596920","https://openalex.org/W4380683268","https://openalex.org/W4387043683","https://openalex.org/W4389339821","https://openalex.org/W4389892080","https://openalex.org/W4396819889","https://openalex.org/W4402325489","https://openalex.org/W4411060464","https://openalex.org/W6685320397","https://openalex.org/W6852116311","https://openalex.org/W6884303470","https://openalex.org/W6940504074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W2073681303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simon's":[0,30],"algorithm":[1,31],"was":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,37,67],"the":[5,34,42,52,65,69],"first":[6],"to":[7,22,32],"demonstrate":[8,83],"a":[9,15,46],"genuine":[10],"quantum":[11,76],"advantage":[12],"in":[13,41],"solving":[14],"problem.":[16],"The":[17],"algorithm,":[18],"however,":[19],"assumes":[20],"access":[21],"fault-tolerant":[23],"qubits.":[24],"In":[25],"our":[26],"work,":[27],"we":[28,49,82],"use":[29],"benchmark":[33],"error":[35],"rates":[36],"devices":[38],"currently":[39],"available":[40,57],"\"quantum":[43],"cloud\".":[44],"As":[45],"main":[47],"result,":[48],"objectively":[50],"compare":[51],"different":[53],"physical":[54],"platforms":[55],"made":[56],"by":[58],"IBM":[59],"and":[60,72],"IonQ.":[61],"Our":[62],"study":[63],"highlights":[64],"importance":[66],"understanding":[68],"device":[70],"architectures":[71],"topologies":[73],"when":[74],"transpiling":[75],"algorithms":[77],"onto":[78],"hardware.":[79],"For":[80],"instance,":[81],"that":[84],"two-qubit":[85],"operations":[86],"on":[87,91],"spatially":[88],"separated":[89],"qubits":[90],"superconducting":[92],"chips":[93],"should":[94],"be":[95],"avoided.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}