{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411339579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","title":"An Information Geometry-Based Track-Before-Detect Algorithm for Range-Azimuth Measurements in Radar Systems","display_name":"An Information Geometry-Based Track-Before-Detect Algorithm for Range-Azimuth Measurements in Radar Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411339579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40566224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011211622","display_name":"J. X. Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinguo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4419-2680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058867039","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077217088","display_name":"Zheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-6571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-6571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058024618","display_name":"Xiaoqiang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-7720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqiang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-7720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009604459","display_name":"Yongqiang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-384X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-384X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":7.814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96426677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"637","last_page":"637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6178209185600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.6089493036270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.5915432572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5492914319038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4817750155925751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4697599411010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-geometry","display_name":"Information geometry","score":0.43086564540863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.41904976963996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.37871623039245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3017842769622803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20020180940628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.12121409177780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08616375923156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.0794890820980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07394161820411682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6178209185600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6089493036270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.5915432572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5492914319038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4817750155925751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4697599411010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109546454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798604","display_name":"Information geometry","level":4,"score":0.43086564540863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.41904976963996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.37871623039245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3017842769622803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20020180940628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.12121409177780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08616375923156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.0794890820980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07394161820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12520029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147161","display_name":"Scalar curvature","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40566224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40566224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe71f4eda8f945f5a4ccef979661c6fa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe71f4eda8f945f5a4ccef979661c6fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 6, p 637 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12191875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12191875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G194853303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301598","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2237109766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2335570721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2853163854","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62322122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973792507","https://openalex.org/W1986921156","https://openalex.org/W1999881501","https://openalex.org/W2006134199","https://openalex.org/W2112162777","https://openalex.org/W2132424427","https://openalex.org/W2140242774","https://openalex.org/W2462664206","https://openalex.org/W2748542155","https://openalex.org/W2949462039","https://openalex.org/W2979776687","https://openalex.org/W2981753322","https://openalex.org/W3011396997","https://openalex.org/W3103983725","https://openalex.org/W3121076645","https://openalex.org/W3160156970","https://openalex.org/W3167912320","https://openalex.org/W3208042922","https://openalex.org/W3210857239","https://openalex.org/W4205217628","https://openalex.org/W4225691050","https://openalex.org/W4226399578","https://openalex.org/W4285192372","https://openalex.org/W4309878147","https://openalex.org/W4312308580","https://openalex.org/W4312309864","https://openalex.org/W4327522503","https://openalex.org/W4377000497","https://openalex.org/W4385224036","https://openalex.org/W4385656620","https://openalex.org/W4385975771","https://openalex.org/W4387448347","https://openalex.org/W4387623772","https://openalex.org/W4389076400","https://openalex.org/W4390873206","https://openalex.org/W4400314839","https://openalex.org/W4401452423","https://openalex.org/W4404546194","https://openalex.org/W4405488127","https://openalex.org/W4406610997","https://openalex.org/W4407690530","https://openalex.org/W4407948354","https://openalex.org/W4408519835","https://openalex.org/W4408590817","https://openalex.org/W4410027356","https://openalex.org/W4410294677","https://openalex.org/W4411339579","https://openalex.org/W6794654268","https://openalex.org/W6848444318","https://openalex.org/W6851425245","https://openalex.org/W6855284151","https://openalex.org/W6860685987","https://openalex.org/W6876243977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W3056201571","https://openalex.org/W2197876505","https://openalex.org/W2949687881","https://openalex.org/W4298860098","https://openalex.org/W2740851372","https://openalex.org/W2017586266","https://openalex.org/W2354202976","https://openalex.org/W2905566736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"detection":[1,43,59],"of":[2,55,70,168],"weak":[3],"moving":[4],"targets":[5],"in":[6,14,61,84,142,178],"heterogeneous":[7],"clutter":[8,82,163],"backgrounds":[9],"is":[10,117],"a":[11,22,114,129,173],"significant":[12],"challenge":[13],"radar":[15],"systems.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18,126],"paper,":[19],"we":[20],"propose":[21],"track-before-detect":[23],"(TBD)":[24],"method":[25],"based":[26,104],"on":[27,51,90,105,138],"information":[28,46,57,71,106],"geometry":[29,58],"(IG)":[30],"theory":[31],"applied":[32],"to":[33,41,120,183],"range-azimuth":[34,86],"measurements,":[35],"which":[36,108],"extends":[37],"the":[38,52,56,68,76,91,154,166,169],"IG":[39],"detectors":[40],"multi-frame":[42,85],"through":[44],"inter-frame":[45],"integration.":[47],"approach":[49],"capitalizes":[50],"distinctive":[53],"benefits":[54],"framework":[60,131],"scenarios":[62],"with":[63,136],"strong":[64],"clutter,":[65],"while":[66],"enhancing":[67],"integration":[69],"across":[72],"multiple":[73],"frames":[74],"within":[75],"TBD":[77],"approach.":[78],"Specifically,":[79],"target":[80,150],"and":[81,96],"trajectories":[83,151],"measurements":[87],"are":[88],"modeled":[89],"Hermitian":[92],"positive":[93],"definite":[94],"(HPD)":[95],"power":[97],"spectrum":[98],"(PS)":[99],"manifolds.":[100],"A":[101],"scoring":[102],"function":[103],"geometry,":[107],"uses":[109],"Kullback-Leibler":[110],"(KL)":[111],"divergence":[112],"as":[113],"geometric":[115],"metric,":[116],"then":[118],"devised":[119],"assess":[121],"these":[122],"motion":[123],"trajectories.":[124],"Moreover,":[125],"study":[127],"devises":[128],"solution":[130],"employing":[132],"dynamic":[133],"programming":[134],"(DP)":[135],"constraints":[137],"state":[139],"transitions,":[140],"culminating":[141],"an":[143],"integrated":[144,155],"merit":[145,156],"function.":[146,157],"This":[147],"algorithm":[148],"identifies":[149],"by":[152],"maximizing":[153],"Experimental":[158],"validation":[159],"using":[160],"real-recorded":[161],"sea":[162],"datasets":[164],"showcases":[165],"effectiveness":[167],"proposed":[170],"algorithm,":[171],"yielding":[172],"minimum":[174],"3":[175],"dB":[176],"enhancement":[177],"signal-to-clutter":[179],"ratio":[180],"(SCR)":[181],"compared":[182],"traditional":[184],"approaches.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}