{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411243656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060624","title":"Simulation Study on How Input Data Affects Time-Series Classification Model Results","display_name":"Simulation Study on How Input Data Affects Time-Series Classification Model Results","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411243656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060624","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40566211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/6/624/pdf?version=1749718226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/6/624/pdf?version=1749718226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037132448","display_name":"Maria Sadowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sadowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-398X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047203445","display_name":"Krzysztof Gajowniczek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6953-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Gajowniczek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6953-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037132448","https://openalex.org/A5047203445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.0383,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75488562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"624","last_page":"624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6695922613143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6050071120262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5491188764572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5096375942230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4905988276004791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4644117057323456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4501788020133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43545016646385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42657747864723206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6695922613143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6050071120262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5491188764572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5096375942230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4905988276004791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4644117057323456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4501788020133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43545016646385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42657747864723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/6/624/pdf?version=1749718226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40566211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40566211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58e2b387202c4ebb9e9943d40d24aec2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58e2b387202c4ebb9e9943d40d24aec2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 6, p 624 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12191479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12191479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27060624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/6/624/pdf?version=1749718226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323873","display_name":"Uniwersytet Warszawski","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411243656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411243656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968354112","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2163757302","https://openalex.org/W2166547175","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2581867724","https://openalex.org/W2598525681","https://openalex.org/W2735895797","https://openalex.org/W2802314367","https://openalex.org/W2888728157","https://openalex.org/W2918408501","https://openalex.org/W2967988901","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W3008846063","https://openalex.org/W3012362112","https://openalex.org/W3042807565","https://openalex.org/W3080921724","https://openalex.org/W3182952703","https://openalex.org/W4206946420","https://openalex.org/W4287958550","https://openalex.org/W4298281316","https://openalex.org/W4320837949","https://openalex.org/W4385562582","https://openalex.org/W4389981991","https://openalex.org/W4394957446","https://openalex.org/W4396819896","https://openalex.org/W4399911625","https://openalex.org/W4405941363","https://openalex.org/W4409260735","https://openalex.org/W4409363524","https://openalex.org/W6798502799","https://openalex.org/W6869873082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W2488129135","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W2377538627","https://openalex.org/W2107220315","https://openalex.org/W1589637664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,63],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,14,46,70,98,100,104,108,121,126,130,135,139,144,149],"results":[4],"of":[5,16,48,61,72,115,141,146],"a":[6,55],"study":[7],"investigating":[8],"how":[9],"input":[10],"data":[11,150],"characteristics":[12,74],"affect":[13],"performance":[15,85],"time-series":[17,28],"classification":[18,76,79,153],"models.":[19],"In":[20,119],"this":[21],"experiment,":[22],"we":[23],"used":[24],"82":[25],"synthetically":[26],"generated":[27],"datasets,":[29],"created":[30],"based":[31],"on":[32,75],"predefined":[33],"functions":[34],"with":[35],"added":[36],"noise.":[37,118],"These":[38],"datasets":[39],"varied":[40],"in":[41,45,148],"structure,":[42],"including":[43],"differences":[44],"number":[47,60,114,140],"classes":[49,116,142],"and":[50,58,83,93,117,143],"noise":[51,147],"levels,":[52],"while":[53],"maintaining":[54],"consistent":[56],"length":[57],"total":[59],"observations.":[62],"design":[64],"allowed":[65],"us":[66],"to":[67,97,111,134],"systematically":[68],"assess":[69],"influence":[71],"dataset":[73],"outcomes.":[77],"Seven":[78],"models":[80,154],"were":[81],"evaluated":[82],"their":[84],"was":[86,125],"compared":[87],"using":[88],"accuracy":[89,160],"metrics,":[90],"training":[91],"time":[92],"memory":[94],"requirements.":[95],"According":[96],"evaluation,":[99],"CNN":[101],"Classifier":[102],"achieved":[103],"best":[105],"results,":[106],"demonstrating":[107],"highest":[109],"robustness":[110],"an":[112],"increasing":[113],"contrast,":[120],"least":[122],"effective":[123],"model":[124],"Catch22":[127],"Classifier.":[128],"Overall,":[129],"performed":[131],"research":[132],"leads":[133],"conclusion":[136],"that":[137],"as":[138],"level":[145],"increase,":[151],"all":[152],"become":[155],"less":[156],"effective,":[157],"achieving":[158],"lower":[159],"metrics.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}