{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410362966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050526","title":"A Novel Entropy-Based Approach for Thermal Image Segmentation Using Multilevel Thresholding","display_name":"A Novel Entropy-Based Approach for Thermal Image Segmentation Using Multilevel Thresholding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410362966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050526","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050526","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/526/pdf?version=1747288511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/526/pdf?version=1747288511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026925356","display_name":"Thaweesak Trongtirakul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-5202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118263","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon","ror":"https://ror.org/02mg36m74","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10245363","https://openalex.org/I4210118263"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thaweesak Trongtirakul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok 10300, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-5202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok 10300, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118263"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069074343","display_name":"Karen Panetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Panetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-4536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030506701","display_name":"Artyom M. Grigoryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Artyom M. Grigoryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-0064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048285657","display_name":"Sos \u0421. Agaian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121847817","display_name":"The Graduate Center, CUNY","ror":"https://ror.org/00awd9g61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121847817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142393192","display_name":"College of Staten Island","ror":"https://ror.org/02p179j44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142393192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sos S. Agaian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-4507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Staten Island, NY 10314, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142393192","https://openalex.org/I121847817","https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026925356","https://openalex.org/A5030506701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118263","https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":13.7379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98065868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"526","last_page":"526"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.843840479850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6438759565353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6257407665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5652891397476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5471488833427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4715186357498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4490993320941925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.43095123767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33139902353286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32461750507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12229034304618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.07723557949066162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.843840479850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6438759565353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6257407665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5652891397476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5471488833427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4715186357498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4490993320941925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43095123767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33139902353286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32461750507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12229034304618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.07723557949066162}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050526","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/526/pdf?version=1747288511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40422480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d52de1de0964a9f8c2924693e0743f2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d52de1de0964a9f8c2924693e0743f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 5, p 526 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12110683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12110683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050526","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/526/pdf?version=1747288511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410362966.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983874169","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1998156127","https://openalex.org/W2071836643","https://openalex.org/W2083970667","https://openalex.org/W2091715952","https://openalex.org/W2111662240","https://openalex.org/W2125732958","https://openalex.org/W2168453222","https://openalex.org/W2478708596","https://openalex.org/W2773918440","https://openalex.org/W2935782549","https://openalex.org/W2950633071","https://openalex.org/W3009442072","https://openalex.org/W3095044166","https://openalex.org/W3138342693","https://openalex.org/W3154128574","https://openalex.org/W3169685355","https://openalex.org/W3194133090","https://openalex.org/W3195358843","https://openalex.org/W3217362938","https://openalex.org/W4220756552","https://openalex.org/W4220761741","https://openalex.org/W4224272505","https://openalex.org/W4281722614","https://openalex.org/W4283160212","https://openalex.org/W4290466631","https://openalex.org/W4296138560","https://openalex.org/W4317508778","https://openalex.org/W4321063704","https://openalex.org/W4382050809","https://openalex.org/W4386590909","https://openalex.org/W4387757657","https://openalex.org/W4388723329","https://openalex.org/W4389252765","https://openalex.org/W4389890988","https://openalex.org/W4393034704","https://openalex.org/W4396496084","https://openalex.org/W4401587407","https://openalex.org/W4402047253","https://openalex.org/W4402311572","https://openalex.org/W4403920129","https://openalex.org/W4403986673","https://openalex.org/W4404124271","https://openalex.org/W4404848728","https://openalex.org/W4405218959","https://openalex.org/W4406304870","https://openalex.org/W4407995488","https://openalex.org/W6794166165","https://openalex.org/W6838662246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138983844","https://openalex.org/W1968965685","https://openalex.org/W2012792772","https://openalex.org/W2356573839","https://openalex.org/W2111883783","https://openalex.org/W2952127465","https://openalex.org/W2009028679","https://openalex.org/W2357424838","https://openalex.org/W2327601824","https://openalex.org/W4237142086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"segmentation":[1,172],"is":[2],"a":[3,68,108,119],"fundamental":[4],"challenge":[5],"in":[6,34,103,161,187],"computer":[7],"vision,":[8],"transforming":[9],"complex":[10],"image":[11,35,81,115],"representations":[12],"into":[13],"meaningful,":[14],"analyzable":[15],"components.":[16],"While":[17],"entropy-based":[18,179],"multilevel":[19,77],"thresholding":[20,78],"techniques,":[21],"including":[22],"Otsu,":[23],"Shannon,":[24],"fuzzy,":[25],"Tsallis,":[26],"Renyi,":[27],"and":[28,55,58,62,101,117,154,166,174,198],"Kapur":[29],"approaches,":[30],"have":[31],"shown":[32],"potential":[33],"segmentation,":[36],"they":[37],"encounter":[38],"significant":[39],"limitations":[40],"when":[41],"processing":[42],"thermal":[43,80,90,96,114,156,194],"images,":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46],"poor":[47],"spatial":[48],"resolution,":[49],"low":[50],"contrast,":[51,163],"lack":[52],"of":[53,105,138],"color":[54],"texture":[56],"information,":[57],"susceptibility":[59],"to":[60,75,98,142,177],"noise":[61],"background":[63,164],"clutter.":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"introduces":[67],"novel":[69],"adaptive":[70],"unsupervised":[71,113],"entropy":[72],"algorithm":[73],"(A-Entropy)":[74],"enhance":[76],"for":[79,95,112,127],"segmentation.":[82],"Our":[83],"key":[84],"contributions":[85],"include":[86],"(i)":[87],"an":[88],"image-dependent":[89],"enhancement":[91],"technique":[92],"specifically":[93],"designed":[94],"images":[97,157],"improve":[99],"visibility":[100],"contrast":[102],"regions":[104],"interest,":[106],"(ii)":[107],"so-called":[109],"A-Entropy":[110],"concept":[111],"thresholding,":[116],"(iii)":[118],"comprehensive":[120],"evaluation":[121],"using":[122],"the":[123,136,147],"Benchmarking":[124],"IR":[125],"Dataset":[126],"Surveillance":[128],"with":[129,158],"Aerial":[130],"Intelligence":[131],"(BIRDSAI).":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"superiority":[137],"our":[139],"proposal":[140],"compared":[141,176],"other":[143],"state-of-the-art":[144],"methods":[145],"on":[146],"BIRDSAI":[148],"dataset,":[149],"which":[150],"comprises":[151],"both":[152],"real":[153],"synthetic":[155],"substantial":[159],"variations":[160],"scale,":[162],"clutter,":[165],"noise.":[167],"Comparative":[168],"analysis":[169],"indicates":[170],"improved":[171],"accuracy":[173],"robustness":[175],"traditional":[178],"methods.":[180],"The":[181],"framework's":[182],"versatility":[183],"suggests":[184],"promising":[185],"applications":[186],"brain":[188],"tumor":[189],"detection,":[190,197],"optical":[191],"character":[192],"recognition,":[193],"energy":[195],"leakage":[196],"face":[199],"recognition.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}