{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410326552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050520","title":"Design of Covert Communication Waveform Based on Phase Randomization","display_name":"Design of Covert Communication Waveform Based on Phase Randomization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410326552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050520","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050520","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/520/pdf?version=1747122166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/520/pdf?version=1747122166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102780333","display_name":"Wenjie Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1678-3167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108047876","display_name":"Zhenyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-7073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-7073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032530028","display_name":"Jun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6194-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046141922","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-5469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108047876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04321644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"520","last_page":"520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7119204998016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomization","display_name":"Randomization","score":0.6965153813362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6760716438293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5615555047988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5266093015670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4342223107814789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4061933755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3502243161201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16412174701690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14941948652267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","score":0.11627629399299622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10677522420883179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7119204998016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.6965153813362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6760716438293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5615555047988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5266093015670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4342223107814789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4061933755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3502243161201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16412174701690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14941948652267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.11627629399299622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10677522420883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050520","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/520/pdf?version=1747122166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40422474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cf610d9a1f04deeb722a9165890f30e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cf610d9a1f04deeb722a9165890f30e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 5, p 520 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12111237","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12111237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27050520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050520","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/5/520/pdf?version=1747122166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5688649811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SL20230104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7213161112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242022k60006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7315342906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62431009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410326552.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410326552.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1415209668","https://openalex.org/W1984747376","https://openalex.org/W2027066854","https://openalex.org/W2052396663","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2134313286","https://openalex.org/W2172139273","https://openalex.org/W2384656844","https://openalex.org/W2484963638","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2591488742","https://openalex.org/W2887734786","https://openalex.org/W2905487115","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2997103780","https://openalex.org/W3148888167","https://openalex.org/W3168211341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2392053643","https://openalex.org/W1974895211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"wireless":[1,54],"communication":[2,25,55],"is":[3,16,103],"designed":[4],"to":[5,17,31,51,86,122,132,163],"securely":[6],"transmit":[7],"hidden":[8],"information":[9],"between":[10],"two":[11],"devices.":[12],"Its":[13],"primary":[14],"objective":[15],"conceal":[18],"the":[19,59,88,93,100,109,141,148,170,177],"existence":[20],"of":[21,63,92,99,108,144,151,169,180],"transmitted":[22,64,94],"data,":[23],"rendering":[24],"signals":[26,166],"difficult":[27],"for":[28],"unauthorized":[29,159],"parties":[30],"detect,":[32],"intercept,":[33],"or":[34],"decipher":[35],"during":[36],"transmission.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"a":[43,81],"Noise-like":[44],"Multi-Carrier":[45],"Random":[46],"Phase":[47],"Communication":[48],"System":[49],"(NRPCS)":[50],"enhance":[52],"covert":[53],"by":[56,80],"significantly":[57,175],"complicating":[58],"detection":[60],"and":[61,72,90,105,116,147],"interception":[62],"signals.":[65,95],"The":[66],"proposed":[67],"system":[68],"utilizes":[69],"bipolar":[70],"modulation":[71,172],"Cyclic":[73],"Code":[74],"Shift":[75],"Keying":[76],"(CCSK)":[77],"modulation,":[78],"complemented":[79],"random":[82],"sequence":[83],"generation":[84],"mechanism,":[85],"increase":[87],"randomness":[89],"complexity":[91],"A":[96],"mathematical":[97],"model":[98],"NRPCS":[101,137],"waveform":[102],"formulated,":[104],"detailed":[106],"analyses":[107],"system's":[110],"time-domain":[111],"basis":[112],"functions,":[113],"correlation":[114],"properties,":[115],"power":[117],"spectral":[118],"characteristics":[119],"are":[120,161],"conducted":[121],"substantiate":[123],"its":[124],"noise-like":[125],"behavior.":[126],"Simulation":[127],"results":[128,156],"indicate":[129],"that,":[130],"compared":[131],"traditional":[133],"fixed-frequency":[134],"transmission":[135],"methods,":[136],"substantially":[138],"improves":[139],"both":[140],"Low":[142,149],"Probability":[143,150],"Detection":[145],"(LPD)":[146],"Interception":[152],"(LPI).":[153],"Further":[154],"research":[155],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"eavesdroppers":[160],"unable":[162],"effectively":[164],"demodulate":[165],"without":[167],"knowledge":[168],"employed":[171],"scheme,":[173],"thus":[174],"enhancing":[176],"overall":[178],"security":[179],"communication.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
