{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407809099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030223","title":"User-Centric Cell-Free Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output System with Noisy Channel Gain Estimation and Line of Sight: A Beckmann Distribution Approach","display_name":"User-Centric Cell-Free Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output System with Noisy Channel Gain Estimation and Line of Sight: A Beckmann Distribution Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407809099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030223","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40149147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27030223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/3/223/pdf?version=1740133507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/3/223/pdf?version=1740133507","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067345387","display_name":"Danilo B. T. Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41455075","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande","ror":"https://ror.org/00eftnx64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41455075"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danilo B. T. Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41455075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053030053","display_name":"Marcelo Sampaio de Alencar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-1644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169045520","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba","ror":"https://ror.org/00p9vpz11","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169045520"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo S. Alencar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-1644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169045520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078015780","display_name":"Wamberto J. L. Queiroz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41455075","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande","ror":"https://ror.org/00eftnx64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41455075"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wamberto J. L. Queiroz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-2221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41455075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084738958","display_name":"Rafael Moura Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-7838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59530521","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/00devjr72","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59530521"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael M. Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-7838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59530521"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082295021","display_name":"Francisco Madeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6123-0390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Madeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50720-001, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6123-0390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50720-001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067345387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41455075"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45044931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"223","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.7750170230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.6653167009353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6141282320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5887969732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5637983083724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48739176988601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.47172752022743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.4625972807407379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-probability","display_name":"Coverage probability","score":0.4542924761772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","score":0.4375397264957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37484902143478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37396538257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.35119718313217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30192458629608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25162869691848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22102311253547668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15774863958358765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.7750170230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.6653167009353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6141282320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5887969732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5637983083724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48739176988601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.47172752022743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.4625972807407379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.4542924761772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.4375397264957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37484902143478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37396538257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.35119718313217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30192458629608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25162869691848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22102311253547668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15774863958358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27030223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/3/223/pdf?version=1740133507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40149147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40149147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11941427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11941427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:677321a71bf84623a73040084803b836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/677321a71bf84623a73040084803b836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 27, Iss 3, p 223 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27030223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/3/223/pdf?version=1740133507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G29316538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Code 001)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3936062414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"312501/2021-8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6001386955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"312501/2021-8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407809099.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407809099.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1540562499","https://openalex.org/W2036446891","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2289191545","https://openalex.org/W2592341259","https://openalex.org/W2603024298","https://openalex.org/W2742503793","https://openalex.org/W2750908913","https://openalex.org/W2889454423","https://openalex.org/W2892699774","https://openalex.org/W2895984297","https://openalex.org/W2919102320","https://openalex.org/W2963491643","https://openalex.org/W2963684249","https://openalex.org/W2963894874","https://openalex.org/W2964181991","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W2969768389","https://openalex.org/W2970757722","https://openalex.org/W2984884920","https://openalex.org/W3006141223","https://openalex.org/W3099345048","https://openalex.org/W3166003077","https://openalex.org/W3169933270","https://openalex.org/W3217688517","https://openalex.org/W4289716374","https://openalex.org/W4290996321","https://openalex.org/W4309157822","https://openalex.org/W4312531353","https://openalex.org/W4362500757","https://openalex.org/W4376455229","https://openalex.org/W4385800879","https://openalex.org/W4391960066","https://openalex.org/W4392207745","https://openalex.org/W4402835230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213267843","https://openalex.org/W1980528650","https://openalex.org/W2168519368","https://openalex.org/W3102213005","https://openalex.org/W2036854414","https://openalex.org/W2392327107","https://openalex.org/W2753355162","https://openalex.org/W3129080429","https://openalex.org/W3014243556","https://openalex.org/W192702211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"for":[3,118],"the":[4,8,16,21,24,30,62,73,76,82,88,97,113,119,130],"first":[5],"time":[6],"how":[7,61],"Beckmann":[9,63,135],"distribution":[10,116],"can":[11,68],"be":[12,69],"used":[13,70],"to":[14,71],"characterize":[15],"random":[17],"variable":[18],"that":[19],"represents":[20],"envelope":[22],"of":[23,35,54,81,87,112,115],"effective":[25,131],"channel":[26,47,120],"gain":[27,121,132],"experienced":[28],"by":[29,94],"k-th":[31,91],"user":[32],"equipment":[33],"(UE)":[34],"a":[36,43,134],"user-centric":[37],"(UC)":[38],"cell-free":[39],"(CF)":[40],"system":[41],"in":[42,96],"scenario":[44],"with":[45],"noisy":[46],"state":[48],"information":[49],"(CSI)":[50],"estimation":[51],"and":[52,75,101,127],"line":[53],"sight":[55],"(LoS).":[56],"Additionally,":[57],"it":[58],"is":[59,108],"shown":[60,109],"probability":[64,103],"density":[65,78],"function":[66,79],"(PDF)":[67],"derive":[72],"PDF":[74],"cumulative":[77],"(CDF)":[80],"instantaneous":[83],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[84],"ratio":[85],"(SINR)":[86],"UC":[89],"CF":[90],"UE,":[92],"followed":[93],"applications":[95],"ergodic":[98],"capacity":[99],"(EC)":[100],"outage":[102],"(OP)":[104],"expression":[105],"derivations.":[106],"It":[107],"that,":[110],"regardless":[111],"type":[114],"considered":[117],"between":[122],"each":[123],"access":[124],"point":[125],"(AP)":[126],"UE":[128],"links,":[129],"presents":[133],"distribution.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}