{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404531717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110993","title":"Still No Evidence for an Effect of the Proportion of Non-Native Speakers on Natural Language Complexity","display_name":"Still No Evidence for an Effect of the Proportion of Non-Native Speakers on Natural Language Complexity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404531717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110993","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/993/pdf?version=1731931023","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/993/pdf?version=1731931023","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062785200","display_name":"Alexander Koplenig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-9680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099471","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for the German Language","ror":"https://ror.org/00hvwkt50","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210099471"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Koplenig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Lexical Studies, Leibniz Institute for the German Language (IDS), 68161 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-9680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Lexical Studies, Leibniz Institute for the German Language (IDS), 68161 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062785200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099471"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":22.88,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9940088,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"993","last_page":"993"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9222999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.5763174891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5259490013122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5173539519309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4097110629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3683091998100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33790963888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33002570271492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16946375370025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.12076437473297119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5763174891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5259490013122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5173539519309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4097110629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3683091998100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33790963888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33002570271492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16946375370025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.12076437473297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/993/pdf?version=1731931023","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39593937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ids-pub.bsz-bw.de:12911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/12911","pdf_url":"https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/files/12911/Koplenig_Still_no_evidence_2024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401750","display_name":"Publication Server of the Institute for German Language (Institute for German Language)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210099471","host_organization_name":"Leibniz Institute for the German Language","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099471"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11593100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11593100","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593100/pdf/entropy-26-00993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce9f2505f84f45f0b2ed4feabc02fb63","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce9f2505f84f45f0b2ed4feabc02fb63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 11, p 993 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/993/pdf?version=1731931023","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316838","display_name":"Kempe Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404531717.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404531717.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W389826827","https://openalex.org/W629835108","https://openalex.org/W1498437823","https://openalex.org/W1514057855","https://openalex.org/W1518897246","https://openalex.org/W1528762139","https://openalex.org/W1603903339","https://openalex.org/W1874871223","https://openalex.org/W1964449090","https://openalex.org/W1968371014","https://openalex.org/W1981295458","https://openalex.org/W1981457167","https://openalex.org/W1994672023","https://openalex.org/W1999815252","https://openalex.org/W2005097301","https://openalex.org/W2019655958","https://openalex.org/W2029447880","https://openalex.org/W2040940389","https://openalex.org/W2052357007","https://openalex.org/W2052611179","https://openalex.org/W2054986668","https://openalex.org/W2060590556","https://openalex.org/W2060981625","https://openalex.org/W2070717208","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2103756638","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2124482566","https://openalex.org/W2125001590","https://openalex.org/W2126693856","https://openalex.org/W2137664645","https://openalex.org/W2144065792","https://openalex.org/W2146326366","https://openalex.org/W2150113601","https://openalex.org/W2157020902","https://openalex.org/W2165854268","https://openalex.org/W2186071512","https://openalex.org/W2250523604","https://openalex.org/W2477709421","https://openalex.org/W2505756961","https://openalex.org/W2509530726","https://openalex.org/W2648769261","https://openalex.org/W2739753648","https://openalex.org/W2759653811","https://openalex.org/W2761745931","https://openalex.org/W2763247735","https://openalex.org/W2788886867","https://openalex.org/W2803214681","https://openalex.org/W2808363984","https://openalex.org/W2891381594","https://openalex.org/W2912682545","https://openalex.org/W2920529430","https://openalex.org/W2943562632","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2991719478","https://openalex.org/W3022818404","https://openalex.org/W3100926240","https://openalex.org/W3121675824","https://openalex.org/W3159346524","https://openalex.org/W4230076583","https://openalex.org/W4301277249","https://openalex.org/W4317897818","https://openalex.org/W4366482809","https://openalex.org/W4366580311","https://openalex.org/W4383533102","https://openalex.org/W4385897492","https://openalex.org/W4386421652","https://openalex.org/W4386803436","https://openalex.org/W4400522085","https://openalex.org/W4400524270","https://openalex.org/W6686571181","https://openalex.org/W6764722885","https://openalex.org/W7048585351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W4226226396","https://openalex.org/W3153750606","https://openalex.org/W4308854837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,148],"a":[1,101,110],"recent":[2,36],"study,":[3],"I":[4,34,60,73,117],"demonstrated":[5],"that":[6,42,62,108,128,159],"large":[7,160],"numbers":[8,161],"of":[9,24,38,81,103,113,146,162],"L2":[10,163],"(second":[11],"language)":[12],"speakers":[13,164],"do":[14],"not":[15],"appear":[16],"to":[17,68,96],"influence":[18],"the":[19,43,63,78,85,119,140,154],"morphological":[20,122],"or":[21],"information-theoretic":[22,79,120],"complexity":[23,80,123],"natural":[25,82,169],"languages.":[26,147],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"has":[29],"three":[30],"primary":[31],"aims:":[32],"First,":[33],"address":[35],"criticisms":[37],"my":[39,47,56,151],"analyses,":[40],"showing":[41],"points":[44],"raised":[45],"by":[46],"critics":[48],"were":[49],"already":[50],"explicitly":[51],"considered":[52],"and":[53,121,143],"analysed":[54],"in":[55,134],"original":[57],"work.":[58],"Furthermore,":[59],"show":[61,156],"proposed":[64],"alternative":[65],"analyses":[66],"fail":[67],"withstand":[69],"detailed":[70],"examination.":[71],"Second,":[72],"introduce":[74],"new":[75],"data":[76,124],"on":[77,100,168],"languages,":[83],"with":[84,150],"estimates":[86],"derived":[87],"from":[88,92],"various":[89],"language":[90,170],"models-ranging":[91],"simple":[93],"statistical":[94],"models":[95],"advanced":[97],"neural":[98],"networks-based":[99],"database":[102],"40":[104],"multilingual":[105],"text":[106,114],"collections":[107],"represent":[109],"wide":[111],"range":[112],"types.":[115],"Third,":[116],"re-analyse":[118],"using":[125],"novel":[126],"methods":[127],"better":[129],"account":[130],"for":[131],"model":[132],"uncertainty":[133],"parameter":[135],"estimation,":[136],"as":[137,139],"well":[138],"genealogical":[141],"relatedness":[142],"geographic":[144],"proximity":[145],"line":[149],"earlier":[152],"findings,":[153],"results":[155],"no":[157],"evidence":[158],"have":[165],"an":[166],"effect":[167],"complexity.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
