{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403829210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110915","title":"LPI Radar Waveform Recognition Based on Hierarchical Classification Approach and Maximum Likelihood Estimation","display_name":"LPI Radar Waveform Recognition Based on Hierarchical Classification Approach and Maximum Likelihood Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403829210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/915/pdf?version=1730125058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/915/pdf?version=1730125058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011328903","display_name":"Kiwon Rhee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiwon Rhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071350287","display_name":"Jaeyoung Baik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1949-1328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyoung Baik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046443212","display_name":"Changhoon Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-8775"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhoon Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["EW AI & Jamming Technology R&D, LIG Nex1 Co., Ltd., Suwon 16347, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EW AI & Jamming Technology R&D, LIG Nex1 Co., Ltd., Suwon 16347, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087023484","display_name":"Hyun\u2010Chool Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4839-0445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Chool Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087023484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83122347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"915","last_page":"915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.6970374584197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6390281915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6128306984901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5285738110542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5017426013946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.47667622566223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42061352729797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3443661332130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34381967782974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32676953077316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3200433850288391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12858623266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08551672101020813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.6970374584197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6390281915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6128306984901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5285738110542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5017426013946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.47667622566223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42061352729797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3443661332130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34381967782974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32676953077316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3200433850288391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12858623266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08551672101020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/915/pdf?version=1730125058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39593860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11592543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11592543","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11592543/pdf/entropy-26-00915.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c7939527925466bbcee7936626759c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c7939527925466bbcee7936626759c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 11, p 915 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26110915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/11/915/pdf?version=1730125058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5389300841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KRIT-CT-21-033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","funder_display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5577125685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KRIT-CT-21-033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F2292562827","funder_display_name":"Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2292562827","display_name":"Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04bjg9m96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403829210.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142564960","https://openalex.org/W1496462336","https://openalex.org/W1580469463","https://openalex.org/W2034744671","https://openalex.org/W2060854787","https://openalex.org/W2146303559","https://openalex.org/W2241995588","https://openalex.org/W2586095846","https://openalex.org/W2620988802","https://openalex.org/W2903029684","https://openalex.org/W3011402415","https://openalex.org/W3082329458","https://openalex.org/W3120721364","https://openalex.org/W3190182606","https://openalex.org/W3211248480","https://openalex.org/W4205989062","https://openalex.org/W4245888765","https://openalex.org/W4289821471","https://openalex.org/W4362588181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2129841057","https://openalex.org/W3040712279","https://openalex.org/W2176409448","https://openalex.org/W2364769705","https://openalex.org/W2056136368","https://openalex.org/W2374664672","https://openalex.org/W4367555392","https://openalex.org/W2538520412","https://openalex.org/W2883092465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,112],"importance":[1],"of":[2,46,64,92,119,124,132],"information":[3],"gathering":[4],"is":[5,23,41],"emphasized":[6],"to":[7,25,67],"minimize":[8],"casualties":[9],"and":[10,30,74,89,98,107,127],"economic":[11],"losses":[12],"in":[13,55],"warfare.":[14],"Through":[15],"electronic":[16],"warfare,":[17],"which":[18],"utilizes":[19],"electromagnetic":[20],"waves,":[21],"it":[22],"possible":[24],"discern":[26],"the":[27,35,56,62],"enemy's":[28],"intentions":[29],"respond":[31],"accordingly,":[32],"thereby":[33],"leading":[34],"battle":[36],"advantageously.":[37],"Consequently,":[38],"related":[39],"research":[40],"actively":[42],"underway.":[43],"development":[45,63],"various":[47,81],"radar":[48],"signal":[49],"modulation":[50,58,82],"techniques":[51],"has":[52],"revealed":[53],"limitations":[54],"existing":[57],"recognition":[59,117],"methods,":[60],"necessitating":[61],"distinguishing":[65,76,85],"features":[66,77,86],"overcome":[68],"these":[69],"limitations.":[70],"This":[71],"paper":[72],"proposes":[73],"analyzes":[75],"that":[78],"can":[79],"differentiate":[80],"schemes.":[83],"Eleven":[84],"were":[87,101],"employed,":[88],"twenty-two":[90],"types":[91],"modulated":[93],"signals,":[94],"including":[95],"analog,":[96],"digital,":[97],"composite":[99],"modulation,":[100],"classified":[102],"using":[103],"hierarchical":[104],"classification":[105],"approach":[106],"maximum":[108],"likelihood":[109],"estimation":[110],"(MLE).":[111],"proposed":[113],"method":[114],"achieves":[115],"a":[116],"performance":[118],"99.76%":[120],"at":[121,129],"an":[122,130],"SNR":[123,131],"20":[125],"dB":[126],"98.45%":[128],"8":[133],"dB.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}