{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401015223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26080634","title":"The Road to Safety: A Review of Uncertainty and Applications to Autonomous Driving Perception","display_name":"The Road to Safety: A Review of Uncertainty and Applications to Autonomous Driving Perception","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401015223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26080634","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39202104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26080634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26080634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/8/634/pdf?version=1722820630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/8/634/pdf?version=1722820630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045148108","display_name":"Bernardo Ara\u00fajo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9869-1702"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Ara\u00fajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9869-1702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016632513","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o F. Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4132-635X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o F. Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4132-635X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072788624","display_name":"Joaquim Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-1206"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquim Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-1206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105099741","display_name":"Ricardo Cerqueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-2189"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Cerqueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-2189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105099742","display_name":"Sofia C. Beco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-9152"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia C. Beco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-9152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia S.A., 4705-820 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016632513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.7954,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91571693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"8","first_page":"634","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6923686265945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5558100938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5520482659339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5087442994117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5067377686500549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4781276285648346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46702125668525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.44278615713119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4146432876586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","score":0.41089919209480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38926059007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.145168274641037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6923686265945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5558100938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5520482659339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5087442994117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5067377686500549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4781276285648346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46702125668525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.44278615713119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4146432876586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.41089919209480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38926059007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.145168274641037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26080634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26080634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/8/634/pdf?version=1722820630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39202104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39202104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11353542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11353542","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11353542/pdf/entropy-26-00634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ceb0e8c0771412f8e4868692febb9e3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ceb0e8c0771412f8e4868692febb9e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 8, p 634 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26080634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26080634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/8/634/pdf?version=1722820630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401015223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401015223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":172,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1493526108","https://openalex.org/W1560021816","https://openalex.org/W1598033630","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1826234144","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1921093919","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1984113680","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2019575783","https://openalex.org/W2025720061","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2042819305","https://openalex.org/W2070792261","https://openalex.org/W2073241381","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2111959010","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2132947399","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2171943915","https://openalex.org/W2280163991","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2397830550","https://openalex.org/W2431874326","https://openalex.org/W2476740321","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2786857698","https://openalex.org/W2788907134","https://openalex.org/W2806471870","https://openalex.org/W2810469995","https://openalex.org/W2887340847","https://openalex.org/W2887976372","https://openalex.org/W2896687685","https://openalex.org/W2897876743","https://openalex.org/W2902986194","https://openalex.org/W2907176385","https://openalex.org/W2921469264","https://openalex.org/W2948194985","https://openalex.org/W2948376147","https://openalex.org/W2956371155","https://openalex.org/W2957139181","https://openalex.org/W2962730596","https://openalex.org/W2962993496","https://openalex.org/W2963167203","https://openalex.org/W2963238274","https://openalex.org/W2963611739","https://openalex.org/W2963995504","https://openalex.org/W2964339591","https://openalex.org/W2965803762","https://openalex.org/W2967144905","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2969721664","https://openalex.org/W2969913432","https://openalex.org/W2970281030","https://openalex.org/W2970624554","https://openalex.org/W2971118045","https://openalex.org/W2971125134","https://openalex.org/W2971197296","https://openalex.org/W2971561076","https://openalex.org/W2971668727","https://openalex.org/W2975438322","https://openalex.org/W2976882439","https://openalex.org/W2980702656","https://openalex.org/W2984642565","https://openalex.org/W2992671401","https://openalex.org/W2994669106","https://openalex.org/W2995464762","https://openalex.org/W3000462134","https://openalex.org/W3002342835","https://openalex.org/W3003199999","https://openalex.org/W3008960265","https://openalex.org/W3009436130","https://openalex.org/W3034720584","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3035711539","https://openalex.org/W3041627739","https://openalex.org/W3043270561","https://openalex.org/W3046605870","https://openalex.org/W3080500608","https://openalex.org/W3082897186","https://openalex.org/W3085923845","https://openalex.org/W3092527263","https://openalex.org/W3092612693","https://openalex.org/W3093434340","https://openalex.org/W3093568609","https://openalex.org/W3098452673","https://openalex.org/W3100019193","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3108907096","https://openalex.org/W3120338137","https://openalex.org/W3132168958","https://openalex.org/W3132398892","https://openalex.org/W3135126155","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3175351491","https://openalex.org/W3176319743","https://openalex.org/W3176709420","https://openalex.org/W3177034761","https://openalex.org/W3181933907","https://openalex.org/W3185507903","https://openalex.org/W3200940659","https://openalex.org/W3202257752","https://openalex.org/W3204273936","https://openalex.org/W3205064153","https://openalex.org/W3207167647","https://openalex.org/W3207447946","https://openalex.org/W3209445167","https://openalex.org/W3213465214","https://openalex.org/W3216820735","https://openalex.org/W4214806325","https://openalex.org/W4221167530","https://openalex.org/W4225504384","https://openalex.org/W4230201191","https://openalex.org/W4230649179","https://openalex.org/W4283800429","https://openalex.org/W4285278949","https://openalex.org/W4286562618","https://openalex.org/W4287755806","https://openalex.org/W4288083516","https://openalex.org/W4292347999","https://openalex.org/W4294530003","https://openalex.org/W4296545279","https://openalex.org/W4306177963","https://openalex.org/W4308080241","https://openalex.org/W4309804058","https://openalex.org/W4311988777","https://openalex.org/W4312408105","https://openalex.org/W4313039571","https://openalex.org/W4313179489","https://openalex.org/W4319299866","https://openalex.org/W4327652731","https://openalex.org/W4380487448","https://openalex.org/W4382239200","https://openalex.org/W4382317762","https://openalex.org/W4385835750","https://openalex.org/W4386065840","https://openalex.org/W4386083082","https://openalex.org/W4386645510","https://openalex.org/W6600213771","https://openalex.org/W6635717444","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6730042731","https://openalex.org/W6735443497","https://openalex.org/W6736999424","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6748865747","https://openalex.org/W6750832383","https://openalex.org/W6754647026","https://openalex.org/W6761586423","https://openalex.org/W6765646913","https://openalex.org/W6779093361","https://openalex.org/W6779600923","https://openalex.org/W6780092286","https://openalex.org/W6790707527","https://openalex.org/W6809673346","https://openalex.org/W6810132389","https://openalex.org/W6839802809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382644535","https://openalex.org/W2522768275","https://openalex.org/W2352938035","https://openalex.org/W2351672553","https://openalex.org/W2373392303","https://openalex.org/W2765894405","https://openalex.org/W1884735063","https://openalex.org/W2372668238","https://openalex.org/W2560421750","https://openalex.org/W1991093342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"approaches":[2],"have":[3,104],"been":[4,105],"gaining":[5],"importance":[6],"in":[7,17,107],"several":[8],"applications.":[9],"However,":[10],"the":[11,82,85,108],"widespread":[12],"use":[13],"of":[14,34,42,81,84,87,115],"these":[15,102],"methods":[16,46,103],"safety-critical":[18],"domains,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,70,72],"Autonomous":[22,55,119],"Driving,":[23],"is":[24,37],"still":[25],"dependent":[26],"on":[27],"their":[28,48,66],"reliability":[29],"and":[30,47,62,65,68,75,90,123],"trustworthiness.":[31],"The":[32],"goal":[33],"this":[35],"paper":[36],"to":[38,50],"provide":[39],"a":[40,112],"review":[41],"deep":[43],"learning-based":[44],"uncertainty":[45,94],"applications":[49],"support":[51],"perception":[52],"tasks":[53],"for":[54,118,125,130],"Driving.":[56,120],"We":[57,77,99],"detail":[58],"significant":[59],"Uncertainty":[60],"Quantification":[61],"calibration":[63],"methods,":[64],"contributions":[67],"limitations,":[69],"well":[71],"important":[73],"metrics":[74],"concepts.":[76],"present":[78],"an":[79],"overview":[80],"state":[83],"art":[86],"out-of-distribution":[88],"detection":[89],"active":[91],"learning,":[92],"where":[93],"estimates":[95],"are":[96,128],"commonly":[97],"applied.":[98],"show":[100],"how":[101],"applied":[106],"automotive":[109],"context,":[110],"providing":[111],"comprehensive":[113],"analysis":[114],"reliable":[116],"AI":[117],"Finally,":[121],"challenges":[122],"opportunities":[124],"future":[126],"work":[127],"discussed":[129],"each":[131],"topic.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
