{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396821136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","title":"Quantum Key Distribution with Displaced Thermal States","display_name":"Quantum Key Distribution with Displaced Thermal States","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396821136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/488/pdf?version=1717165272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/488/pdf?version=1717165272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074758087","display_name":"Adam Walton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-2762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adam Walton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-2762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029033045","display_name":"Anne Ghesqui\u00e8re","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-7473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Ghesqui\u00e8re","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-7473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059638273","display_name":"Benjamin T. H. Varcoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-7238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin T. H. Varcoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-7238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074758087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04988161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"488","last_page":"488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8560037016868591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5737003087997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.568098783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5183599591255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5037221312522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.45581382513046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice-and-bob","display_name":"Alice and Bob","score":0.4449719786643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-state","display_name":"Quantum state","score":0.41978105902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40293872356414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3869154751300812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.35189855098724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3424665331840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.279183030128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2544490694999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2232154905796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.16546770930290222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8560037016868591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5737003087997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.568098783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5183599591255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5037221312522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.45581382513046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649676","display_name":"Alice and Bob","level":3,"score":0.4449719786643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.41978105902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40293872356414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3869154751300812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.35189855098724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3424665331840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.279183030128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2544490694999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2232154905796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.16546770930290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/488/pdf?version=1717165272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38920497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.18777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18777","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.18777","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:213031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-2762>,","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213031/1/entropy-26-00488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11202962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11202962","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11202962/pdf/entropy-26-00488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24372130ebe24e5eaf6b09d2759cb0da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24372130ebe24e5eaf6b09d2759cb0da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 6, p 488 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/26/6/488/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/488/pdf?version=1717165272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396821136.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258914401","https://openalex.org/W1977148550","https://openalex.org/W1996704313","https://openalex.org/W2020940911","https://openalex.org/W2077503418","https://openalex.org/W2105027281","https://openalex.org/W2110358873","https://openalex.org/W2114102779","https://openalex.org/W2140052047","https://openalex.org/W2768645203","https://openalex.org/W2769470342","https://openalex.org/W2945845453","https://openalex.org/W2964245998","https://openalex.org/W2988534951","https://openalex.org/W3000532170","https://openalex.org/W3000693581","https://openalex.org/W3004610610","https://openalex.org/W3035099916","https://openalex.org/W3120551572","https://openalex.org/W3135026101","https://openalex.org/W3162136374","https://openalex.org/W3162318070","https://openalex.org/W3190388743","https://openalex.org/W3198518250","https://openalex.org/W3205033705","https://openalex.org/W4200223489","https://openalex.org/W4206540440","https://openalex.org/W4221017715","https://openalex.org/W4237239849","https://openalex.org/W4281768855","https://openalex.org/W4288052074","https://openalex.org/W4288052217","https://openalex.org/W4388141391","https://openalex.org/W4393237550","https://openalex.org/W6785777823","https://openalex.org/W6786482576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013460097","https://openalex.org/W4387590519","https://openalex.org/W2059416011","https://openalex.org/W2288707626","https://openalex.org/W2469540522","https://openalex.org/W2899748191","https://openalex.org/W4387805787","https://openalex.org/W2552215615","https://openalex.org/W3093547713","https://openalex.org/W2265341709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secret":[0],"key":[1,49],"exchange":[2],"relies":[3],"on":[4],"the":[5,12,54,89,121,128,137],"creation":[6],"of":[7,43,65,91,139],"correlated":[8],"signals,":[9],"serving":[10],"as":[11],"raw":[13],"resource":[14],"for":[15,31,123],"secure":[16],"communication.":[17],"Thermal":[18],"states":[19,84],"exhibit":[20],"Hanbury":[21],"Brown":[22],"and":[23,98,104,109],"Twiss":[24],"correlations,":[25],"which":[26],"offer":[27],"a":[28,44,62,92],"promising":[29],"avenue":[30],"generating":[32],"such":[33],"signals.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,78],"present":[39],"an":[40],"experimental":[41],"implementation":[42],"central":[45],"broadcast":[46],"thermal-state":[47,76],"quantum":[48],"distribution":[50],"(QKD)":[51],"protocol":[52,115],"in":[53,131],"microwave":[55],"region.":[56],"Our":[57],"objective":[58],"is":[59],"to":[60,75,87],"showcase":[61],"straightforward":[63],"method":[64],"QKD":[66],"utilizing":[67],"readily":[68],"available":[69],"broadcasting":[70],"equipment.":[71,125],"Unlike":[72],"conventional":[73],"approaches":[74],"QKD,":[77],"leverage":[79],"displaced":[80],"thermal":[81,93,132],"states.":[82],"These":[83],"enable":[85],"us":[86],"share":[88],"output":[90],"source":[94],"among":[95],"Alice,":[96],"Bob,":[97],"Eve":[99],"via":[100],"both":[101],"waveguide":[102],"channels":[103],"free":[105],"space.":[106],"Through":[107],"measurement":[108],"conversion":[110],"into":[111],"bit":[112,118,141],"strings,":[113],"our":[114,134],"produces":[116],"key-ready":[117],"strings":[119,142],"without":[120],"need":[122],"specialized":[124],"By":[126],"harnessing":[127],"inherent":[129],"noise":[130],"broadcasts,":[133],"setup":[135],"facilitates":[136],"recovery":[138],"distinct":[140],"by":[143],"all":[144],"parties":[145],"involved.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}