{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399177209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","title":"Revisiting the Transferability of Few-Shot Image Classification: A Frequency Spectrum Perspective","display_name":"Revisiting the Transferability of Few-Shot Image Classification: A Frequency Spectrum Perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399177209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/473/pdf?version=1716996777","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/473/pdf?version=1716996777","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402911","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3895-5510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682835","display_name":"Zhitao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-1661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665181","display_name":"Donglin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donglin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineer, Westlake Univercity, Hangzhou 310030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100665181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3393,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6282301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"473","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.8619007468223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.75559401512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6356600522994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.537837028503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4948217272758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.4522630572319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-distribution","display_name":"Frequency distribution","score":0.4144340455532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39625412225723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3806658685207367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35161519050598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23181065917015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1885215938091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11979323625564575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.8619007468223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.75559401512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6356600522994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.537837028503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4948217272758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4522630572319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51921466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1627586","display_name":"Frequency distribution","level":2,"score":0.4144340455532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39625412225723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3806658685207367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35161519050598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23181065917015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1885215938091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11979323625564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/473/pdf?version=1716996777","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38920482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11202464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11202464","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11202464/pdf/entropy-26-00473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93211d12f3ea48f4a7616e468c0ce31c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93211d12f3ea48f4a7616e468c0ce31c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 6, p 473 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/26/6/473/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26060473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26060473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/6/473/pdf?version=1716996777","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5265214819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399177209.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2902617128","https://openalex.org/W2944378183","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2974885182","https://openalex.org/W2996623013","https://openalex.org/W3034771037","https://openalex.org/W3036411233","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3108975329","https://openalex.org/W3110608229","https://openalex.org/W3159907343","https://openalex.org/W3171924456","https://openalex.org/W3180439858","https://openalex.org/W3183864931","https://openalex.org/W3189329097","https://openalex.org/W3205249428","https://openalex.org/W4205277845","https://openalex.org/W4221166734","https://openalex.org/W4312648479","https://openalex.org/W4313477435","https://openalex.org/W4386453433","https://openalex.org/W6717697761","https://openalex.org/W6735236233","https://openalex.org/W6753311412","https://openalex.org/W6758126075","https://openalex.org/W6762744983","https://openalex.org/W6782868315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W4229699405","https://openalex.org/W1666484574","https://openalex.org/W2216382288","https://openalex.org/W2355491300","https://openalex.org/W4234629551","https://openalex.org/W2011110943","https://openalex.org/W2028856635","https://openalex.org/W2011433332","https://openalex.org/W2223285589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Few-shot":[0],"learning,":[1],"especially":[2],"few-shot":[3],"image":[4],"classification":[5],"(FSIC),":[6],"endeavors":[7],"to":[8,32,150],"recognize":[9],"new":[10,48],"categories":[11],"using":[12],"only":[13],"a":[14,23,54,64,81,139],"handful":[15],"of":[16,36,56,158,173],"labeled":[17],"images":[18],"by":[19,40],"transferring":[20],"knowledge":[21],"from":[22,80],"model":[24,176],"trained":[25],"on":[26,89],"base":[27,46],"categories.":[28],"Despite":[29],"numerous":[30],"efforts":[31],"address":[33],"the":[34,41,45,50,75,90,145,152,156,165,171,174],"challenge":[35],"deficient":[37],"transferability":[38,172],"caused":[39],"distribution":[42],"shift":[43],"between":[44,107],"and":[47,69,113,126,154],"classes,":[49],"fundamental":[51],"principles":[52],"remain":[53],"subject":[55],"debate.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61,86,137],"elucidate":[62],"<b>why</b>":[63],"decline":[65],"in":[66,133],"performance":[67],"occurs":[68],"<b>what</b>":[70],"information":[71],"is":[72],"transferred":[73],"during":[74],"testing":[76,179],"phase,":[77],"examining":[78],"it":[79],"frequency":[82,91,121,153],"spectrum":[83],"perspective.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"adopt":[87],"causality":[88],"space":[92],"for":[93],"FSIC.":[94],"With":[95],"our":[96],"causal":[97,108],"assumption,":[98],"non-causal":[99,127,159],"frequencies":[100,109,128],"(e.g.,":[101,110],"background":[102],"knowledge)":[103],"act":[104],"as":[105],"confounders":[106],"object":[111],"information)":[112],"predictions.":[114],"Our":[115],"experimental":[116],"results":[117],"reveal":[118],"that":[119,164],"different":[120],"components":[122],"represent":[123],"distinct":[124],"semantics,":[125],"adversely":[129],"affect":[130],"transferability,":[131],"resulting":[132],"suboptimal":[134],"performance.":[135],"Subsequently,":[136],"suggest":[138],"straightforward":[140],"but":[141],"potent":[142],"approach,":[143],"namely":[144],"<i><b>Fr</b>equency":[146],"<b>S</b>pectrum":[147],"<b>M</b>ask</i>":[148],"(FRSM),":[149],"weight":[151],"mitigate":[155],"impact":[157],"frequencies.":[160],"Extensive":[161],"experiments":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"proposed":[166],"FRSM":[167],"method":[168],"significantly":[169],"enhanced":[170],"FSIC":[175],"across":[177],"nine":[178],"datasets.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}