{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392747238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030255","title":"Events as Elements of Physical Observation: Experimental Evidence","display_name":"Events as Elements of Physical Observation: Experimental Evidence","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392747238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030255","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26030255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/3/255/pdf?version=1710321367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/3/255/pdf?version=1710321367","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034754004","display_name":"Gerhard M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-5460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174004417","display_name":"Munich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/012k1v959","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174004417"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Gerhard M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, D-80335 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, D-80335 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174004417"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034754004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174004417"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.3881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92597298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"255","last_page":"255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.8719483017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.6193675994873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5389664173126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.5271399021148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5098459124565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4883720278739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.48291370272636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planck","display_name":"Planck","score":0.47928112745285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4418526887893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4323180317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42830368876457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2311311960220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.21561786532402039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.202632337808609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.8719483017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.6193675994873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5389664173126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.5271399021148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5098459124565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4883720278739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.48291370272636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166126730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309","display_name":"Planck","level":2,"score":0.47928112745285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4418526887893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4323180317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42830368876457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2311311960220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.21561786532402039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.202632337808609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26030255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/3/255/pdf?version=1710321367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38539766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10969022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10969022","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10969022/pdf/entropy-26-00255.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f53dea38c6094c21aeabcceef4d92a95","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f53dea38c6094c21aeabcceef4d92a95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 3, p 255 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26030255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/3/255/pdf?version=1710321367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392747238.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1246084508","https://openalex.org/W1574798849","https://openalex.org/W1696068948","https://openalex.org/W1703910647","https://openalex.org/W1964777250","https://openalex.org/W1983175027","https://openalex.org/W1990379124","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1997987950","https://openalex.org/W2031451638","https://openalex.org/W2049450494","https://openalex.org/W2053131619","https://openalex.org/W2056474482","https://openalex.org/W2074253441","https://openalex.org/W2099608130","https://openalex.org/W2108671008","https://openalex.org/W2141818355","https://openalex.org/W2157283424","https://openalex.org/W2199144780","https://openalex.org/W2484894494","https://openalex.org/W2610856665","https://openalex.org/W2794773587","https://openalex.org/W2982005948","https://openalex.org/W3013637378","https://openalex.org/W3122834845","https://openalex.org/W3122938083","https://openalex.org/W4233798822","https://openalex.org/W4251477469","https://openalex.org/W4298878683","https://openalex.org/W6629742986","https://openalex.org/W6647878544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030816003","https://openalex.org/W1994680671","https://openalex.org/W4239992647","https://openalex.org/W2150013480","https://openalex.org/W2000283393","https://openalex.org/W1554458299","https://openalex.org/W2076325756","https://openalex.org/W3024132849","https://openalex.org/W81423522","https://openalex.org/W3099932805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,17,54],"argued":[2],"that":[3,12,18,56,105,116,179],"all":[4],"physical":[5,95,129],"knowledge":[6],"ultimately":[7],"stems":[8],"from":[9],"observation":[10,16,184],"and":[11,49,96,115,127,164],"the":[13,37,46,70,94,112,117,140,145,154,158,183],"simplest":[14],"possible":[15],"an":[19],"event":[20],"has":[21],"happened":[22],"at":[23],"a":[24,121,128,175],"certain":[25],"space-time":[26],"location":[27],"X\u2192=x\u2192,t.":[28],"Considering":[29],"historic":[30],"experiments,":[31],"which":[32,67,157],"have":[33,120],"been":[34],"groundbreaking":[35],"in":[36,69,143,182],"evolution":[38],"of":[39,43,63,72,77,89,99,111,124,131,177],"our":[40],"modern":[41],"ideas":[42],"matter":[44],"on":[45],"atomic,":[47],"nuclear,":[48],"elementary":[50,101],"particle":[51],"scales,":[52],"it":[53],"shown":[55],"such":[57],"experiments":[58],"produce":[59],"as":[60],"outputs":[61],"streams":[62],"macroscopically":[64,149,162],"observable":[65,150],"events":[66,78,160],"accumulate":[68],"course":[71],"time":[73],"into":[74,148],"spatio-temporal":[75],"patterns":[76],"whose":[79],"forms":[80],"allow":[81],"decisions":[82],"to":[83],"be":[84],"taken":[85],"concerning":[86],"conceivable":[87],"alternatives":[88],"explanation.":[90],"Working":[91],"towards":[92],"elucidating":[93],"informational":[97],"characteristics":[98],"those":[100],"observations,":[102],"we":[103],"show":[104],"these":[106],"represent":[107],"hugely":[108],"amplified":[109],"images":[110],"initiating":[113,146],"micro-events":[114,147],"resulting":[118],"macro-images":[119],"cognitive":[122],"value":[123,130,171],"1":[125],"bit":[126],"Wobs=Eobs\u03c4obs\u226bh.":[132],"In":[133],"this":[134],"latter":[135],"equation,":[136],"Eobs":[137],"stands":[138],"for":[139,153,166],"energy":[141],"spent":[142],"turning":[144],"events,":[151],"\u03c4obs":[152],"lifetimes":[155],"during":[156],"generated":[159],"remain":[161],"observable,":[163],"h":[165],"Planck's":[167],"constant.":[168],"The":[169],"relative":[170],"Gobs=Wobs/h":[172],"finally":[173],"represents":[174],"measure":[176],"amplification":[178],"was":[180],"gained":[181],"process.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}