{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390272522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010029","title":"Fine-Grained Radio Frequency Fingerprint Recognition Network Based on Attention Mechanism","display_name":"Fine-Grained Radio Frequency Fingerprint Recognition Network Based on Attention Mechanism","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390272522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010029","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38248155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010029","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/29/pdf?version=1703668058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/29/pdf?version=1703668058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066403037","display_name":"Yuanle Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-4598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-4598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072496496","display_name":"Jun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070775605","display_name":"Rundong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-0749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rundong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031524603","display_name":"Zengrong Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengrong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406275","display_name":"Zengping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072496496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.3955,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69967183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.81025230884552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7668083310127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7137154340744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5859352350234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5354580879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5072059631347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4989476203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.48446106910705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48195216059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4685923457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.399664968252182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38446134328842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35383889079093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3087749481201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.15731626749038696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.81025230884552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7668083310127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7137154340744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5859352350234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5354580879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5072059631347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4989476203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.48446106910705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48195216059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4685923457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.399664968252182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38446134328842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35383889079093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3087749481201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.15731626749038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010029","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/29/pdf?version=1703668058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38248155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38248155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10814318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10814318","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814318/pdf/entropy-26-00029.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:317911495f68422998f83eea5c93d0f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/317911495f68422998f83eea5c93d0f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 1, p 29 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010029","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/29/pdf?version=1703668058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1426229658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KQTD20190929172704911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8966771777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20180307151430655","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390272522.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038836370","https://openalex.org/W2096773124","https://openalex.org/W2155886813","https://openalex.org/W2731821979","https://openalex.org/W2773003563","https://openalex.org/W2803989302","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2886145918","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2916820451","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963393555","https://openalex.org/W2963407932","https://openalex.org/W2982637733","https://openalex.org/W2984025449","https://openalex.org/W2998619563","https://openalex.org/W3004340854","https://openalex.org/W3005359536","https://openalex.org/W3008809756","https://openalex.org/W3011724393","https://openalex.org/W3015448029","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3035367622","https://openalex.org/W3042612328","https://openalex.org/W3080499510","https://openalex.org/W3081907075","https://openalex.org/W3085631338","https://openalex.org/W3103548375","https://openalex.org/W3103998378","https://openalex.org/W3106557886","https://openalex.org/W3108870912","https://openalex.org/W3108962068","https://openalex.org/W3128999341","https://openalex.org/W3161271154","https://openalex.org/W3172553205","https://openalex.org/W3174770080","https://openalex.org/W3185901315","https://openalex.org/W4206304878","https://openalex.org/W4207018936","https://openalex.org/W4225730496","https://openalex.org/W4226285117","https://openalex.org/W4289538608","https://openalex.org/W4290991833","https://openalex.org/W4308655556","https://openalex.org/W4312450940","https://openalex.org/W6603906713","https://openalex.org/W6752378368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W2608025327","https://openalex.org/W1621827506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,30,72,78,84,149],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,7,11,13,35,77,86,119,155],"internet":[6],"things":[8],"(IoT),":[9],"hundreds":[10],"millions":[12],"IoT":[14,36,51],"devices,":[15,25,160,165],"such":[16],"as":[17],"smart":[18],"home":[19],"appliances,":[20],"intelligent-connected":[21],"vehicles,":[22],"and":[23,56,90,135,166],"wearable":[24],"have":[26],"been":[27],"connected":[28],"to":[29,40,53,125,131,139],"network.":[31],"The":[32,116],"open":[33],"nature":[34],"makes":[37],"it":[38,68,81],"vulnerable":[39],"cybersecurity":[41],"threats.":[42],"Traditional":[43],"cryptography-based":[44],"encryption":[45],"methods":[46],"are":[47],"not":[48],"suitable":[49],"for":[50],"due":[52],"their":[54],"complexity":[55],"high":[57],"communication":[58],"overhead":[59],"requirements.":[60],"By":[61],"contrast,":[62],"RF-fingerprint-based":[63],"recognition":[64,100,110,153],"is":[65,69],"promising":[66],"because":[67],"rooted":[70],"in":[71,101,113],"inherent":[73],"non-reproducible":[74],"hardware":[75],"defects":[76],"transmitter.":[79],"However,":[80],"still":[82],"faces":[83],"challenges":[85],"low":[87],"inter-class":[88],"variation":[89,93],"large":[91],"intra-class":[92],"among":[94],"RF":[95,108],"fingerprints.":[96],"Inspired":[97],"by":[98],"fine-grained":[99,107],"computer":[102],"vision,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"a":[106,120,136],"fingerprint":[109],"network":[111,117],"(FGRFNet)":[112],"this":[114],"article.":[115],"consists":[118],"top-down":[121],"feature":[122],"pathway":[123],"hierarchy":[124],"generate":[126],"pyramidal":[127],"features,":[128],"attention":[129],"modules":[130],"locate":[132],"discriminative":[133],"regions,":[134],"fusion":[137],"module":[138],"adaptively":[140],"integrate":[141],"features":[142],"from":[143],"different":[144],"scales.":[145],"Experiments":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"that":[148],"proposed":[150],"FGRFNet":[151],"achieves":[152],"accuracies":[154],"89.8%":[156],"on":[157,162,168],"100":[158],"ADS-B":[159],"99.5%":[161],"54":[163],"Zigbee":[164],"83.0%":[167],"25":[169],"LoRa":[170],"devices.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}