{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390104180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010015","title":"Binary Classification with Imbalanced Data","display_name":"Binary Classification with Imbalanced Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390104180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010015","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38248141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/15/pdf?version=1703251629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/15/pdf?version=1703251629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000251146","display_name":"Jyun\u2010You Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-7141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyun-You Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027397763","display_name":"Yuhlong Lio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhlong Lio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-0231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102596189","display_name":"Chien-Ya Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Ya Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086997293","display_name":"Chia\u2010Ling Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-9677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Ling Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Risk Management and Insurance, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-9677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Risk Management and Insurance, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078659099","display_name":"Tzong\u2010Ru Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-7663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tzong-Ru Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-7663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078659099"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.4911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86350305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11443","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-data","display_name":"Binary data","score":0.6152932643890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoullis-principle","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","score":0.565249502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.5472807288169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5172034502029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.5152876377105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5057730674743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.49581679701805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46231967210769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4273815453052521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.42362356185913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3740111291408539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.37320610880851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36720603704452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3635023832321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.362833172082901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.32991838455200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2981392443180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.19514629244804382}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.6152932643890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.565249502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.5472807288169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5172034502029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5152876377105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5057730674743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.49581679701805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46231967210769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4273815453052521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.42362356185913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3740111291408539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37320610880851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36720603704452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3635023832321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.362833172082901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.32991838455200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2981392443180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.19514629244804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/15/pdf?version=1703251629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38248141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38248141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10814867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10814867","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814867/pdf/entropy-26-00015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:987654321/124910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/124910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922698","display_name":"Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:987654321/125556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/125556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922698","display_name":"Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f2c4fadfee84d038bffc6f241fa4edb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f2c4fadfee84d038bffc6f241fa4edb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 26, Iss 1, p 15 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e26010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/26/1/15/pdf?version=1703251629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5804610085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"112-2221-E-032-038-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390104180.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55174629","https://openalex.org/W109690219","https://openalex.org/W1489069776","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1542798451","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1867645765","https://openalex.org/W1978626680","https://openalex.org/W2015497376","https://openalex.org/W2036331394","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2056292360","https://openalex.org/W2070665556","https://openalex.org/W2092133600","https://openalex.org/W2102810005","https://openalex.org/W2119634512","https://openalex.org/W2137490863","https://openalex.org/W2155951431","https://openalex.org/W2167110566","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2516055167","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2780186126","https://openalex.org/W2782485997","https://openalex.org/W2885442465","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2938597499","https://openalex.org/W2943347371","https://openalex.org/W2973549109","https://openalex.org/W2974953943","https://openalex.org/W3004933906","https://openalex.org/W3122123074","https://openalex.org/W3187685808","https://openalex.org/W6602229612","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6761090845","https://openalex.org/W6968829632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978153144","https://openalex.org/W102848802","https://openalex.org/W2982058819","https://openalex.org/W2130734797","https://openalex.org/W3176361882","https://openalex.org/W2122958477","https://openalex.org/W2025556230","https://openalex.org/W2150061385","https://openalex.org/W1544505002","https://openalex.org/W1607666867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,11,24,29,34,51,56,64,68,71,75,79,103,110,122],"binary":[2,20],"response":[3],"variable":[4],"contains":[5],"an":[6,43],"excess":[7],"of":[8,33,55],"zero":[9],"counts,":[10],"data":[12,16,127],"are":[13,118],"imbalanced.":[14],"Imbalanced":[15],"cause":[17],"trouble":[18],"for":[19,125],"classification.":[21],"To":[22],"simplify":[23],"numerical":[25],"computation":[26],"to":[27,49],"obtain":[28],"maximum":[30,52],"likelihood":[31,53],"estimators":[32],"zero-inflated":[35],"Bernoulli":[36,65],"(ZIBer)":[37],"model":[38,57,62,124],"parameters":[39],"with":[40,67],"imbalanced":[41,111],"data,":[42],"expectation-maximization":[44],"(EM)":[45],"algorithm":[46],"is":[47,89],"proposed":[48],"derive":[50],"estimates":[54],"parameters.":[58],"The":[59,95,113],"logistic":[60],"regression":[61],"links":[63],"probabilities":[66],"covariates":[69],"in":[70],"ZIBer":[72,80,116],"model,":[73,81],"and":[74,83,115],"prediction":[76],"performance":[77,108],"among":[78],"LightGBM,":[82],"artificial":[84],"neural":[85],"network":[86],"(ANN)":[87],"procedures":[88],"compared":[90],"by":[91],"Monte":[92],"Carlo":[93],"simulation.":[94],"results":[96],"show":[97],"that":[98],"no":[99],"method":[100],"can":[101],"dominate":[102],"other":[104],"methods":[105],"regarding":[106],"predictive":[107],"under":[109],"data.":[112],"LightGBM":[114],"models":[117],"more":[119],"competitive":[120],"than":[121],"ANN":[123],"zero-inflated-imbalanced":[126],"sets.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
