{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387638629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","title":"Information-Theoretic Models for Physical Observables","display_name":"Information-Theoretic Models for Physical Observables","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387638629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25101448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/10/1448/pdf?version=1697334918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/10/1448/pdf?version=1697334918","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061118268","display_name":"David Bernal\u2010Casas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4623-5935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Bernal-Casas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041241730","display_name":"Josep M. Oller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-4406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Oller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061118268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.0069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74524976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"10","first_page":"1448","last_page":"1448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-geometry","display_name":"Information geometry","score":0.7036938071250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6366106271743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-manifold","display_name":"Statistical manifold","score":0.5777878165245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-harmonic-oscillator","display_name":"Quantum harmonic oscillator","score":0.5475200414657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.53278648853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fisher-information","display_name":"Fisher information","score":0.5303930640220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-oscillator","display_name":"Harmonic oscillator","score":0.4846540093421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.4679402709007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fisher-information-metric","display_name":"Fisher information metric","score":0.4629785418510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.46175289154052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4169955849647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.2869899272918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric-space","display_name":"Metric space","score":0.2570878267288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.24261987209320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24004453420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20313173532485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.141065776348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injective-metric-space","display_name":"Injective metric space","score":0.1009366512298584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109546454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798604","display_name":"Information geometry","level":4,"score":0.7036938071250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6366106271743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169391604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604402","display_name":"Statistical manifold","level":5,"score":0.5777878165245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122332657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677864","display_name":"Quantum harmonic oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5475200414657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.53278648853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29406490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420659","display_name":"Fisher information","level":2,"score":0.5303930640220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40934718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190070","display_name":"Harmonic oscillator","level":2,"score":0.4846540093421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.4679402709007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127104897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5454858","display_name":"Fisher information metric","level":4,"score":0.4629785418510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.46175289154052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4169955849647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2869899272918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198043062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180953","display_name":"Metric space","level":2,"score":0.2570878267288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.24261987209320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24004453420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20313173532485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.141065776348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177547787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034319","display_name":"Injective metric space","level":3,"score":0.1009366512298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12520029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147161","display_name":"Scalar curvature","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25101448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/10/1448/pdf?version=1697334918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37895569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10606528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10606528","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10606528/pdf/entropy-25-01448.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ca0350cb18846c29b2bf851e73c8253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ca0350cb18846c29b2bf851e73c8253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 10, p 1448 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/10/1448/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25101448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/10/1448/pdf?version=1697334918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387638629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387638629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479979375","https://openalex.org/W1993087762","https://openalex.org/W2006681603","https://openalex.org/W2033555468","https://openalex.org/W2037905966","https://openalex.org/W2056474482","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2156744629","https://openalex.org/W2159136592","https://openalex.org/W2317349704","https://openalex.org/W2411921399","https://openalex.org/W2524449277","https://openalex.org/W6628836592","https://openalex.org/W6629742986","https://openalex.org/W6652287312","https://openalex.org/W6671679412","https://openalex.org/W6715097780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4291625303","https://openalex.org/W2737579912","https://openalex.org/W4300760355","https://openalex.org/W2949438187","https://openalex.org/W3206765662","https://openalex.org/W2155379735","https://openalex.org/W4387297266","https://openalex.org/W1964020044","https://openalex.org/W2125882322","https://openalex.org/W1609560631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"addresses":[2],"J.A.":[3],"Wheeler's":[4],"critical":[5],"idea":[6],"that":[7,67,106,120,142,164,230,266],"all":[8,201],"things":[9],"physical":[10,273],"are":[11],"information-theoretic":[12],"in":[13,39],"origin.":[14],"In":[15,160],"this":[16,53],"paper,":[17],"we":[18,55,140,162,231],"introduce":[19],"a":[20,34,44,76,95,175,206],"novel":[21],"mathematical":[22],"framework":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25,151],"information":[26,31,69,199,237],"geometry,":[27],"using":[28,192],"the":[29,40,57,61,68,98,107,111,115,121,128,132,137,147,152,156,165,171,182,187,196,208,212,216,222,234,245,249,253,257,267],"Fisher":[30],"metric":[32],"as":[33,205,221],"particular":[35],"Riemannian":[36,209],"metric,":[37],"defined":[38],"parameter":[41,96],"space":[42],"of":[43,48,78,87,97,114,136,170,174,177,198,211,236,248],"smooth":[45,99],"statistical":[46,100],"manifold":[47,101],"normal":[49],"probability":[50,167,189],"distributions.":[51],"Following":[52],"approach,":[54],"study":[56],"stationary":[58],"states":[59],"with":[60,244],"time-independent":[62],"Schr\u00f6dinger's":[63],"equation":[64],"to":[65,102],"discover":[66],"could":[70],"be":[71],"represented":[72],"and":[73],"distributed":[74],"over":[75],"set":[77,176],"quantum":[79,116,143,178,241],"harmonic":[80,117,144,179,242],"oscillators,":[81,243],"one":[82],"for":[83,91,200],"each":[84,92],"independent":[85],"source":[86],"data,":[88],"whose":[89],"coordinate":[90],"oscillator":[93],"is":[94,124,218,224,269],"estimate.":[103],"We":[104],"observe":[105],"estimator's":[108,122,153],"variance":[109,123,130,154],"equals":[110,186],"energy":[112,134,158,184,255],"levels":[113],"oscillator,":[118],"proving":[119],"definitively":[125],"quantized,":[126],"being":[127],"minimum":[129,133],"at":[131,155,181,252],"level":[135,185],"oscillator.":[138],"Interestingly,":[139,215],"demonstrate":[141],"oscillators":[145,180],"reach":[146],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[148],"lower":[149],"bound":[150],"lowest":[157,183,254],"level.":[159],"parallel,":[161],"find":[163],"global":[166],"density":[168],"function":[169],"collective":[172,250],"mode":[173,251],"posterior":[188],"distribution":[190],"calculated":[191],"Bayes'":[193],"theorem":[194],"from":[195],"sources":[197,235],"data":[202],"values,":[203],"taking":[204],"prior":[207,223],"volume":[210],"informative":[213],"metric.":[214],"opposite":[217],"also":[219],"true,":[220],"constant.":[225],"Altogether,":[226],"these":[227],"results":[228],"suggest":[229],"can":[232],"break":[233],"into":[238,272],"little":[239],"elements:":[240],"square":[246],"modulus":[247],"representing":[256],"most":[258],"likely":[259],"reality,":[260],"supporting":[261],"A.":[262],"Zeilinger's":[263],"recent":[264],"statement":[265],"world":[268],"not":[270],"broken":[271],"but":[274],"informational":[275],"parts.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
