{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386614642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","title":"Designing an Environmental Wind Tunnel Cooling System for High-Speed Trains with Air Compression Cooling and a Sensitivity Analysis of Design Parameters","display_name":"Designing an Environmental Wind Tunnel Cooling System for High-Speed Trains with Air Compression Cooling and a Sensitivity Analysis of Design Parameters","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386614642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37761611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1312/pdf?version=1694412256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1312/pdf?version=1694412256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038624168","display_name":"Junjun Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-4415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junjun Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-4415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457491","display_name":"Meng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-8694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000359710","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-1068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-1068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602081","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-6071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038624168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.1846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91072385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"9","first_page":"1312","last_page":"1312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10568","display_name":"Thermodynamic and Exergetic Analyses of Power and Cooling Systems","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refrigeration","display_name":"Refrigeration","score":0.6727108359336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaporative-cooler","display_name":"Evaporative cooler","score":0.6131179928779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6053097248077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.5928266048431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooling-capacity","display_name":"Cooling capacity","score":0.585695743560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.5355076193809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5179476141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-tunnel","display_name":"Wind tunnel","score":0.5170760154724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cooling","display_name":"Water cooling","score":0.5065256357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer","display_name":"Heat transfer","score":0.49433326721191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brayton-cycle","display_name":"Brayton cycle","score":0.4490269124507904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-cooling","display_name":"Active cooling","score":0.4437955617904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.43592941761016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-flow","display_name":"Mass flow","score":0.41310715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.38177675008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.36627405881881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.2482835054397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20986256003379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.20453640818595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11213335394859314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69907114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747713","display_name":"Refrigeration","level":2,"score":0.6727108359336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173991790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896787","display_name":"Evaporative cooler","level":2,"score":0.6131179928779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6053097248077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.5928266048431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164915370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5167494","display_name":"Cooling capacity","level":2,"score":0.585695743560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.5355076193809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5179476141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100086909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010","display_name":"Wind tunnel","level":2,"score":0.5170760154724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.5065256357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.49433326721191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42611778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746338","display_name":"Brayton cycle","level":3,"score":0.4490269124507904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156820238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422876","display_name":"Active cooling","level":3,"score":0.4437955617904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.43592941761016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33493971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3295893","display_name":"Mass flow","level":2,"score":0.41310715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38177675008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.36627405881881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2482835054397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20986256003379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.20453640818595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11213335394859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1312/pdf?version=1694412256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37761611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37761611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10530046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10530046","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530046/pdf/entropy-25-01312.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:553d33e579aa4f1cad72db4b6f48afe1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/553d33e579aa4f1cad72db4b6f48afe1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 9, p 1312 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/9/1312/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1312/pdf?version=1694412256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386614642.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556669490","https://openalex.org/W1966303597","https://openalex.org/W2048964810","https://openalex.org/W2069098841","https://openalex.org/W2289319349","https://openalex.org/W2460292250","https://openalex.org/W2746837520","https://openalex.org/W2790773161","https://openalex.org/W2804268757","https://openalex.org/W2996910138","https://openalex.org/W3048147103","https://openalex.org/W3088209518","https://openalex.org/W3120345525","https://openalex.org/W3139098272","https://openalex.org/W3156579196","https://openalex.org/W3180011705","https://openalex.org/W3213577477","https://openalex.org/W3217109857","https://openalex.org/W4200015679","https://openalex.org/W4200018508","https://openalex.org/W4287135514","https://openalex.org/W4294549767","https://openalex.org/W6804496124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229851070","https://openalex.org/W2082505812","https://openalex.org/W1488062107","https://openalex.org/W2146972084","https://openalex.org/W2605972608","https://openalex.org/W3012042455","https://openalex.org/W4377008343","https://openalex.org/W2082355778","https://openalex.org/W4321378980","https://openalex.org/W4391073227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Environmental":[0],"wind":[1,18,39,87],"tunnels":[2],"for":[3,86,270],"high-speed":[4],"trains":[5],"play":[6],"a":[7,21,29,103,162,178,193,210,238,250,268],"significant":[8,252],"role":[9],"in":[10,232,278],"their":[11],"development.":[12],"The":[13,35,90,106],"cooling":[14,31,92,187,214,256],"system":[15,93,111,134,191,207,218,260,277],"of":[16,109,118,145,171,183,189,205,216,246,258],"the":[17,72,110,115,123,130,133,143,167,172,184,186,190,201,206,213,217,233,243,247,255,259,262,275,279],"tunnel":[19,40,88],"poses":[20],"challenge":[22],"as":[23,200],"it":[24,154],"requires":[25],"lower":[26],"temperatures":[27,51],"and":[28,52,56,122,142,224],"higher":[30],"capacity":[32],"during":[33],"operation.":[34],"conventional":[36],"approach":[37],"to":[38,102,155,198,222,227,273],"refrigeration":[41,68,276],"uses":[42],"evaporative":[43],"cooling,":[44],"which":[45],"is":[46,112,135],"less":[47],"efficient":[48],"at":[49,83],"low":[50],"comes":[53],"with":[54,177,229],"environmental":[55],"safety":[57],"risks.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"we":[62,160,240],"propose":[63],"an":[64,230],"innovative":[65],"air":[66,79,82],"compression":[67],"method":[69,76,148],"based":[70],"on":[71,166,254],"Brayton":[73],"cycle.":[74],"This":[75,147],"converts":[77],"high-pressure":[78],"into":[80],"low-temperature":[81],"atmospheric":[84],"pressure":[85],"refrigeration.":[89],"new":[91],"has":[94,149],"reduced":[95],"energy":[96],"usage":[97],"by":[98,152],"3.72":[99],"MW,":[100],"leading":[101],"13.15%":[104],"improvement.":[105],"return":[107],"cooler":[108],"modeled":[113],"using":[114,137],"effective":[116],"number":[117],"heat":[119,180],"transfer":[120,181],"units":[121],"mean":[124],"temperature":[125],"difference":[126],"design":[127,169,244],"method.":[128],"Additionally,":[129],"turbine":[131,248],"within":[132],"analyzed":[136],"one-dimensional":[138],"flow":[139,203,235],"characteristic":[140],"analysis":[141,165],"principle":[144],"similarity.":[146],"been":[150],"validated":[151],"comparing":[153],"other":[156],"published":[157],"papers.":[158],"Subsequently,":[159],"perform":[161],"thorough":[163],"sensitivity":[164],"key":[168],"parameters":[170,245,272],"system.":[173],"We":[174],"observe":[175],"that":[176,242],"sufficient":[179],"area":[182],"recooler,":[185],"efficiency":[188,215,257],"exhibits":[192],"gradual":[194],"decline":[195],"from":[196,220],"64%":[197],"60%":[199],"mass":[202,234],"rate":[204],"rises.":[208],"For":[209],"fixed":[211],"turbine,":[212],"rises":[219],"20%":[221],"62%":[223],"subsequently":[225],"declines":[226],"37%,":[228],"increase":[231],"rate.":[236],"As":[237],"result,":[239],"conclude":[241],"have":[249],"more":[251],"influence":[253],"than":[261],"recooler.":[263],"Our":[264],"study":[265],"will":[266],"establish":[267],"foundation":[269],"selecting":[271],"optimize":[274],"future.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
