{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386284129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","title":"A Semi-Supervised Stacked Autoencoder Using the Pseudo Label for Classification Tasks","display_name":"A Semi-Supervised Stacked Autoencoder Using the Pseudo Label for Classification Tasks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386284129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37761573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1274/pdf?version=1693391156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1274/pdf?version=1693391156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000390729","display_name":"Jie Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-8162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-8162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395120","display_name":"Xiaodan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-9539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070493125","display_name":"Qian Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-8446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-8446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683600","display_name":"Quan Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8899-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Control and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","College of Air Traffic Control and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Control and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Control and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784138","display_name":"Yafei Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-0671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-0671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100395120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.1866,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82503049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"9","first_page":"1274","last_page":"1274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.9488276243209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7423818111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7236225605010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6612667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5917266607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.45782312750816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44780269265174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4325827658176422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3508569896221161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.9488276243209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7423818111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7236225605010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6612667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5917266607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.45782312750816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44780269265174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4325827658176422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3508569896221161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1274/pdf?version=1693391156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37761573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37761573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10528325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10528325","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10528325/pdf/entropy-25-01274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1e42ee082384e7aa1c3595b558191f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1e42ee082384e7aa1c3595b558191f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 9, p 1274 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/9/1274/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25091274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/9/1274/pdf?version=1693391156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2952667752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3006619586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3594800938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JM\u2014226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4536278284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and 61703426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5204689012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61273275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5242311573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61806219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5858148604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.2021JM-226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7106884872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JM-226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8177549228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386284129.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2136655611","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2895084243","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3089079443","https://openalex.org/W3092486253","https://openalex.org/W3092688604","https://openalex.org/W3095691842","https://openalex.org/W3123291413","https://openalex.org/W3126618193","https://openalex.org/W3132482843","https://openalex.org/W3163301462","https://openalex.org/W3194358234","https://openalex.org/W4200231892","https://openalex.org/W4213356995","https://openalex.org/W4213442633","https://openalex.org/W4214939890","https://openalex.org/W4221054289","https://openalex.org/W4226256575","https://openalex.org/W4283742907","https://openalex.org/W4289822901","https://openalex.org/W4289824098","https://openalex.org/W4296605661","https://openalex.org/W4311995275","https://openalex.org/W6671611538","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6775192887","https://openalex.org/W6809477169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W2909431601","https://openalex.org/W4292947472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84],"efficiency":[1],"and":[2,27,51,122,139,163,177,214],"cognitive":[3],"limitations":[4],"of":[5,14,24,108,148,180,195,203],"manual":[6],"sample":[7],"labeling":[8],"result":[9],"in":[10,18,161,170],"a":[11,40,68],"large":[12],"number":[13],"unlabeled":[15,28,118,165,182],"training":[16,147],"samples":[17,29,50,93,119,131,160,166],"practical":[19],"applications.":[20],"Making":[21],"full":[22],"use":[23],"both":[25],"labeled":[26,49,115],"is":[30,52,76,198],"the":[31,35,43,62,66,80,88,95,100,105,109,114,117,129,136,141,146,149,153,156,164,175,181,192,196,204],"key":[32],"to":[33,54,56,78,98,134,144,172],"solving":[34],"semi-supervised":[36,57,72,81,193,210,215],"problem.":[37],"However,":[38],"as":[39],"supervised":[41],"algorithm,":[42],"stacked":[44,73,207,211,216],"autoencoder":[45,74,96,208,212,217],"(SAE)":[46],"only":[47],"considers":[48],"difficult":[53],"apply":[55],"problems.":[58],"Thus,":[59],"by":[60,94,104],"introducing":[61],"pseudo-labeling":[63],"method":[64],"into":[65],"SAE,":[67,155,205],"novel":[69],"pseudo":[70,124,168],"label-based":[71],"(PL-SSAE)":[75],"proposed":[77],"address":[79],"classification":[82],"tasks.":[83],"PL-SSAE":[85,157,197],"first":[86],"utilizes":[87],"unsupervised":[89],"pre-training":[90,162],"on":[91,113,186],"all":[92,159],"(AE)":[97],"initialize":[99],"network":[101,110,142],"parameters.":[102],"Then,":[103],"iterative":[106],"fine-tuning":[107,171],"parameters":[111,143],"based":[112],"samples,":[116],"are":[120,126,132],"identified,":[121],"their":[123],"labels":[125,169],"generated.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"pseudo-labeled":[130],"used":[133],"construct":[135],"regularization":[137],"term":[138],"fine-tune":[140],"complete":[145],"PL-SSAE.":[150],"Different":[151],"from":[152],"traditional":[154],"requires":[158],"with":[167],"fully":[173],"exploit":[174],"feature":[176],"category":[178],"information":[179],"samples.":[183],"Empirical":[184],"evaluations":[185],"various":[187],"benchmark":[188],"datasets":[189],"show":[190],"that":[191,202],"performance":[194],"more":[199],"competitive":[200],"than":[201],"sparse":[206],"(SSAE),":[209],"(Semi-SAE)":[213],"(Semi-SSAE).":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}