{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382403405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","title":"Deep Reinforcement Meta-Learning and Self-Organization in Complex Systems: Applications to Traffic Signal Control","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Meta-Learning and Self-Organization in Complex Systems: Applications to Traffic Signal Control","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382403405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37509929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25070982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/7/982/pdf?version=1687858405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/7/982/pdf?version=1687858405","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033987904","display_name":"Marcin Korecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-5172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Korecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Computational Social Science, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-5172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Computational Social Science, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033987904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":1674,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1805},"fwci":0.9171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7048748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"982","last_page":"982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8487733602523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7538237571716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6300031542778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5202678442001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organization","display_name":"Self-organization","score":0.5186161994934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4843538999557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.475025475025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4742414355278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46349143981933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-learning","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","score":0.44770246744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4357474446296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1137443482875824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8487733602523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7538237571716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6300031542778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5202678442001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106960710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609408","display_name":"Self-organization","level":2,"score":0.5186161994934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4843538999557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.475025475025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4742414355278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46349143981933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.44770246744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4357474446296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1137443482875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25070982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/7/982/pdf?version=1687858405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37509929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37509929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10378142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10378142","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10378142/pdf/entropy-25-00982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77c7126be0e44229990fc24119ece5d8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77c7126be0e44229990fc24119ece5d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 7, p 982 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/7/982/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 7; Pages: 982","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/626510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/626510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, 25 (7)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000626510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000626510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25070982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25070982","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/7/982/pdf?version=1687858405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3547416836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"833168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382403405.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018346149","https://openalex.org/W2049176600","https://openalex.org/W2068883935","https://openalex.org/W2115787194","https://openalex.org/W2146942658","https://openalex.org/W2160085675","https://openalex.org/W2480177474","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2809148419","https://openalex.org/W2899283552","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2964749398","https://openalex.org/W2983178256","https://openalex.org/W2990677997","https://openalex.org/W2998332605","https://openalex.org/W3086530824","https://openalex.org/W3098136553","https://openalex.org/W3163842339","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4206582666","https://openalex.org/W4226229891","https://openalex.org/W4241791637","https://openalex.org/W4294691684","https://openalex.org/W4302293703","https://openalex.org/W4365420282","https://openalex.org/W6681673418","https://openalex.org/W6755189595"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4294873804","https://openalex.org/W4383109125","https://openalex.org/W2891227010","https://openalex.org/W1478972144","https://openalex.org/W2394453540","https://openalex.org/W2963645375","https://openalex.org/W1600305514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30,107],"studied":[1],"the":[2,18,32,75,81],"ability":[3],"of":[4,21,35,83,146],"deep":[5,36],"reinforcement":[6],"learning":[7,37,115],"and":[8,49,64,70,92,165],"self-organizing":[9,95],"approaches":[10],"to":[11,13,80,85,133,141,143,151],"adapt":[12,142],"dynamic":[14],"complex":[15,41,59,156],"systems,":[16,42],"using":[17],"applied":[19],"example":[20],"traffic":[22,97,163],"signal":[23,98],"control":[24,39,99],"in":[25,40,104,117,124,131,154],"a":[26,62,94,144],"simulated":[27,119],"urban":[28,162],"environment.":[29],"highlight":[31],"general":[33],"limitations":[34],"for":[38,68,160],"even":[43],"when":[44],"employing":[45],"state-of-the-art":[46,102],"meta-learning":[47,72,87,103,111,136],"methods,":[48],"contrast":[50],"it":[51,148],"with":[52],"self-organization-based":[53],"methods.":[54,170],"Accordingly,":[55],"we":[56,78],"argue":[57],"that":[58,100,110,138],"systems":[60],"are":[61,129,139],"good":[63],"challenging":[65],"study":[66],"environment":[67,120],"developing":[69],"improving":[71],"approaches.":[73],"At":[74],"same":[76],"time,":[77],"point":[79],"importance":[82],"baselines":[84],"which":[86],"methods":[88,112,116,137],"can":[89],"be":[90],"compared":[91],"present":[93],"analytic":[96],"outperforms":[101],"some":[105],"scenarios.":[106],"also":[108],"show":[109],"outperform":[113],"classical":[114],"our":[118],"(around":[121],"1.5-2\u00d7":[122],"improvement,":[123],"most":[125],"scenarios).":[126],"Our":[127],"conclusions":[128],"that,":[130],"order":[132],"develop":[134],"effective":[135],"able":[140],"variety":[145],"conditions,":[147],"is":[149],"necessary":[150],"test":[152],"them":[153,167],"demanding,":[155],"settings":[157],"(such":[158],"as,":[159],"example,":[161],"control)":[164],"compare":[166],"against":[168],"established":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}