{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378716143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","title":"Quantum Image Encryption Based on Quantum DNA Codec and Pixel-Level Scrambling","display_name":"Quantum Image Encryption Based on Quantum DNA Codec and Pixel-Level Scrambling","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378716143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37372209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25060865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/6/865/pdf?version=1685343148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/6/865/pdf?version=1685343148","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768446","display_name":"Jie Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0668-822X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0668-822X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021408822","display_name":"Yinuo Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001345323","display_name":"Zhaoyang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5616-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5616-2277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033580161","display_name":"Shumei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-5945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shumei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-5945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033580161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":3.6917,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94430098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"865","last_page":"865"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.7524576187133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6085688471794128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5098732709884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49536406993865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.4591711163520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-space","display_name":"Key space","score":0.44942450523376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.4390498995780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.4384268522262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4347286820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37294846773147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.31887340545654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1792314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.13260436058044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08708930015563965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.7524576187133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6085688471794128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5098732709884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49536406993865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.4591711163520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.44942450523376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4390498995780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4384268522262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4347286820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37294846773147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.31887340545654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1792314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13260436058044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08708930015563965}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25060865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/6/865/pdf?version=1685343148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37372209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37372209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10297408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10297408","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10297408/pdf/entropy-25-00865.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:27259cc0215646b3987fb35e57e6ca41","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/27259cc0215646b3987fb35e57e6ca41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 6, p 865 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/6/865/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 6; Pages: 865","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25060865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060865","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/6/865/pdf?version=1685343148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1795355994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos. 11975132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2400962040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos. 12005110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2491844219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11975132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3465852022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2022JQ04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G397285456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12005110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5988090413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.12005110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6071840814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021MF049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6271643391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021MF049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6875257401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11975132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8116192039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021LLZ001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8285005147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12005110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378716143.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6189053","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1965562276","https://openalex.org/W1975366306","https://openalex.org/W1977312644","https://openalex.org/W1977980504","https://openalex.org/W1997334792","https://openalex.org/W2001883788","https://openalex.org/W2010668061","https://openalex.org/W2025051344","https://openalex.org/W2036467527","https://openalex.org/W2047310366","https://openalex.org/W2052976715","https://openalex.org/W2053988857","https://openalex.org/W2061422883","https://openalex.org/W2061707572","https://openalex.org/W2064597911","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2086339175","https://openalex.org/W2086684239","https://openalex.org/W2093708734","https://openalex.org/W2126178477","https://openalex.org/W2129553292","https://openalex.org/W2143438504","https://openalex.org/W2195333992","https://openalex.org/W2309006973","https://openalex.org/W2355192045","https://openalex.org/W2399499800","https://openalex.org/W2563629321","https://openalex.org/W2613175894","https://openalex.org/W2887477933","https://openalex.org/W2891422747","https://openalex.org/W2911773617","https://openalex.org/W2955397644","https://openalex.org/W3020901076","https://openalex.org/W3024223654","https://openalex.org/W3035626177","https://openalex.org/W3160680215","https://openalex.org/W3179847099","https://openalex.org/W3195149233","https://openalex.org/W4223601730","https://openalex.org/W6680951857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103421876","https://openalex.org/W2740975029","https://openalex.org/W1613228441","https://openalex.org/W4390449953","https://openalex.org/W4280519112","https://openalex.org/W4307552796","https://openalex.org/W2112812492","https://openalex.org/W2023115820","https://openalex.org/W2293736102","https://openalex.org/W4250029908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,85],"order":[1,79,86],"to":[2,22,31,49,72,80,87,121,155],"increase":[3],"the":[4,14,41,53,58,74,82,89,92,108,115,123,127,149,166,171,179,190,194],"security":[5,203],"and":[6,35,51,158,182,187,189,204,209,214],"robustness":[7,205],"of":[8,57,114,151,170,193],"quantum":[9,15,19,26,44,59,69,104,128,152],"images,":[10],"this":[11,132,144],"study":[12,145],"combined":[13],"DNA":[16,45],"codec":[17,46],"with":[18,107],"Hilbert":[20,70],"scrambling":[21,71],"offer":[23],"an":[24],"enhanced":[25],"image":[27,60,75,139],"encryption":[28,83,90,116,140],"technique.":[29],"Initially,":[30],"accomplish":[32],"pixel-level":[33],"diffusion":[34],"create":[36],"enough":[37],"key":[38,100],"space":[39],"for":[40],"picture,":[42,153],"a":[43,99,103],"was":[47,95],"created":[48],"encode":[50],"decode":[52],"pixel":[54],"color":[55],"information":[56,168],"using":[61],"its":[62],"special":[63],"biological":[64],"properties.":[65],"Second,":[66],"we":[67],"used":[68,120],"muddle":[73],"position":[76],"data":[77],"in":[78,102,131,143],"double":[81],"effect.":[84],"enhance":[88],"effect,":[91],"altered":[93],"picture":[94,124,196],"then":[96],"employed":[97,130],"as":[98],"matrix":[101],"XOR":[105],"operation":[106],"original":[109],"image.":[110],"The":[111,136,161],"inverse":[112],"transformation":[113],"procedure":[117],"may":[118,146],"be":[119],"decrypt":[122],"since":[125],"all":[126],"operations":[129],"research":[133],"are":[134,184],"reversible.":[135],"two-dimensional":[137],"optical":[138],"technique":[141],"presented":[142],"significantly":[147],"strengthen":[148],"anti-attack":[150],"according":[154],"experimental":[156],"simulation":[157],"result":[159],"analysis.":[160],"correlation":[162],"chart":[163],"demonstrates":[164],"that":[165],"average":[167,180],"entropy":[169],"RGB":[172],"three":[173],"channels":[174],"is":[175,198],"more":[176,202],"than":[177,206],"7.999,":[178],"NPCR":[181],"UACI":[183],"respectively":[185],"99.61%":[186],"33.42%,":[188],"peak":[191],"value":[192],"ciphertext":[195],"histogram":[197],"uniform.":[199],"It":[200],"offers":[201],"earlier":[207],"algorithms":[208],"can":[210],"withstand":[211],"statistical":[212],"analysis":[213],"differential":[215],"assaults.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}