{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378516676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","title":"Open Circuit Fault Detection of T-Type Grid Connected Inverters Using Fast S Transform and Random Forest","display_name":"Open Circuit Fault Detection of T-Type Grid Connected Inverters Using Fast S Transform and Random Forest","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378516676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/778/pdf?version=1683858084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/778/pdf?version=1683858084","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087608529","display_name":"You Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3785-0976"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li You","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032206870","display_name":"Zaixun Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7383-2632"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaixun Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048086555","display_name":"Yibo Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-6947"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101026908","display_name":"Wanli Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717589","display_name":"Shunfan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174442536","display_name":"South Central Minzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d7sax13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174442536"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunfan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174442536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100717589"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174442536"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.6638,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62948133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"778","last_page":"778"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6500898599624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6133186221122742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.598375678062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.5589289665222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.5490401983261108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5138862133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-circuit","display_name":"Short circuit","score":0.4889756441116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-indicator","display_name":"Fault indicator","score":0.4833347499370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.44817814230918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.42170044779777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4062987267971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3435012996196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21832090616226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.20437508821487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1781231164932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1762850284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1712266206741333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6500898599624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6133186221122742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.598375678062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5589289665222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.5490401983261108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5138862133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68583231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206907","display_name":"Short circuit","level":3,"score":0.4889756441116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21267803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438159","display_name":"Fault indicator","level":4,"score":0.4833347499370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.44817814230918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.42170044779777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4062987267971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3435012996196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21832090616226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.20437508821487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1781231164932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1762850284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1712266206741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/778/pdf?version=1683858084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37238533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10217761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10217761","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10217761/pdf/entropy-25-00778.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec8d35c9f4664470a51eda06abbb1488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec8d35c9f4664470a51eda06abbb1488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 5, p 778 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/5/778/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 5; Pages: 778","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050778","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/778/pdf?version=1683858084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3615569748","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5108-202218280A-2-311-XG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G44634744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61903384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G470596775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5108\u2010202218280A\u20102\u2010311\u2010XG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","funder_display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7591177932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5108-202218280A-2-311-XG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378516676.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999508011","https://openalex.org/W2051044060","https://openalex.org/W2061487652","https://openalex.org/W2093244782","https://openalex.org/W2344576969","https://openalex.org/W2344926255","https://openalex.org/W2368523619","https://openalex.org/W2468984011","https://openalex.org/W2519348275","https://openalex.org/W2531437605","https://openalex.org/W2582412800","https://openalex.org/W2769525464","https://openalex.org/W2782665642","https://openalex.org/W2946255502","https://openalex.org/W2996237764","https://openalex.org/W3047349176","https://openalex.org/W3170570541","https://openalex.org/W3216194285","https://openalex.org/W4288064568","https://openalex.org/W4313142521","https://openalex.org/W4361282530","https://openalex.org/W6704615184","https://openalex.org/W6804366868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370517014","https://openalex.org/W2039242888","https://openalex.org/W2515867587","https://openalex.org/W1838021708","https://openalex.org/W2535445299","https://openalex.org/W2020985248","https://openalex.org/W2160225810","https://openalex.org/W75722962","https://openalex.org/W2362354458","https://openalex.org/W3041670803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"detect":[1,102],"open":[2,119],"circuit":[3,120],"faults":[4,104],"of":[5,27,35,69],"grid-connected":[6,128],"T-type":[7,129],"inverters,":[8],"this":[9],"paper":[10],"proposed":[11],"a":[12],"real-time":[13,116],"method":[14,38,100,123],"based":[15],"on":[16],"fast":[17,60],"S":[18,61],"transform":[19,62],"and":[20,39,49,72,81,94,109,117],"random":[21,73],"forest.":[22],"The":[23,92,115],"three-phase":[24],"fault":[25,46,57,70,83,121],"currents":[26],"the":[28,33,36,56,67,79,82,89,98,110],"inverter":[29,130],"were":[30,43,53],"used":[31,64,76],"as":[32,55,85,87],"inputs":[34],"new":[37,99],"no":[40],"additional":[41],"sensors":[42],"needed.":[44],"Some":[45],"current":[47,51],"harmonics":[48],"direct":[50],"components":[52],"selected":[54],"features.":[58],"Then,":[59],"was":[63,75,113,124],"to":[65,77],"extract":[66],"features":[68,80],"currents,":[71],"forest":[74],"recognize":[78],"type,":[84],"well":[86],"locate":[88],"faulted":[90],"switches.":[91],"simulation":[93],"experiments":[95],"showed":[96],"that":[97],"could":[101],"open-circuit":[103],"with":[105],"low":[106],"computation":[107],"complexity":[108],"detection":[111,122],"accuracy":[112],"100%.":[114],"accurate":[118],"proven":[125],"effective":[126],"for":[127],"monitoring.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
