{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367627903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","title":"Sandpile Universality in Social Inequality: Gini and Kolkata Measures","display_name":"Sandpile Universality in Social Inequality: Gini and Kolkata Measures","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367627903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/735/pdf?version=1684201473","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/735/pdf?version=1684201473","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019532170","display_name":"Suchismita Banerjee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suchismita Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003871325","display_name":"Soumyajyoti Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumyajyoti Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522240, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522240, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101704287","display_name":"Bikas K. Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-7221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16019930","display_name":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0491yz035","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bikas K. Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Condensed Matter Physics, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India","Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Condensed Matter Physics, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064879796","display_name":"Asim Kumar Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-525X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asim Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Raghunathpur College, Purulia 723133, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Raghunathpur College, Purulia 723133, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082129894","display_name":"Manipushpak Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2081-6173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manipushpak Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019532170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":8.967,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97269174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"735","last_page":"735"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10591","display_name":"Theoretical and Computational Physics","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.7895257472991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5836877822875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-inequality","display_name":"Economic inequality","score":0.5137999653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","score":0.5083388686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.48979616165161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4705004394054413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.4301242232322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-index","display_name":"Composite index","score":0.42211633920669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coincidence","display_name":"Coincidence","score":0.4173199534416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3862939774990082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3448833227157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.27643847465515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1826818585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.16571727395057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13583603501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-indicator","display_name":"Composite indicator","score":0.13233759999275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11956673860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07989728450775146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7895257472991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5836877822875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.5137999653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.5083388686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.48979616165161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4705004394054413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4301242232322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778098375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19596433","display_name":"Composite index","level":3,"score":0.42211633920669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779832538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308809","display_name":"Coincidence","level":3,"score":0.4173199534416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3862939774990082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3448833227157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27643847465515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1826818585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.16571727395057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13583603501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992405062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18208028","display_name":"Composite indicator","level":2,"score":0.13233759999275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11956673860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07989728450775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/735/pdf?version=1684201473","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37238490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10216978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10216978","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10216978/pdf/entropy-25-00735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a42698a31d45460a88c833b280a752ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a42698a31d45460a88c833b280a752ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 5, p 735 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/5/735/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 5; Pages: 735","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/735/pdf?version=1684201473","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310654","display_name":"Indian National Science Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/051475v86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317486","display_name":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367627903.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23277314","https://openalex.org/W983089057","https://openalex.org/W1533711918","https://openalex.org/W1632356912","https://openalex.org/W2016632583","https://openalex.org/W2016764997","https://openalex.org/W2024840040","https://openalex.org/W2074548525","https://openalex.org/W2075514521","https://openalex.org/W2087245999","https://openalex.org/W2115944048","https://openalex.org/W2157107475","https://openalex.org/W2412456849","https://openalex.org/W2478227765","https://openalex.org/W2912403646","https://openalex.org/W2943981275","https://openalex.org/W2949495481","https://openalex.org/W2958057716","https://openalex.org/W2963098891","https://openalex.org/W2963766115","https://openalex.org/W2964186695","https://openalex.org/W3025057630","https://openalex.org/W3025886009","https://openalex.org/W3048125023","https://openalex.org/W3127305599","https://openalex.org/W3204386294","https://openalex.org/W3208653497","https://openalex.org/W3212144810","https://openalex.org/W4280639656","https://openalex.org/W4285526303","https://openalex.org/W4295008035","https://openalex.org/W4300265862","https://openalex.org/W4318483746","https://openalex.org/W4361264487","https://openalex.org/W4396794947","https://openalex.org/W6636737686","https://openalex.org/W6766249642","https://openalex.org/W6804818117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226147570","https://openalex.org/W2186138316","https://openalex.org/W3213321156","https://openalex.org/W3196647800","https://openalex.org/W1977094210","https://openalex.org/W3121808440","https://openalex.org/W1515615431","https://openalex.org/W2043210805","https://openalex.org/W2794179535","https://openalex.org/W2396239184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"indices":[0],"for":[1,20,39],"the":[2,21,31,46,54],"self-organized":[3],"critical":[4],"(SOC)":[5],"state":[6],"in":[7],"self-tuned":[8],"physical":[9],"systems":[10,26,59],"such":[11],"as":[12],"sand":[13],"piles.":[14],"These":[15,42],"results":[16],"provide":[17],"quantitative":[18],"support":[19],"view":[22],"that":[23,45],"interacting":[24],"socioeconomic":[25,58],"can":[27,49],"be":[28,50],"understood":[29],"within":[30],"framework":[32],"of":[33,56],"SOC,":[34],"which":[35],"has":[36],"been":[37],"hypothesized":[38],"many":[40],"years.":[41],"findings":[43],"suggest":[44],"SOC":[47],"model":[48],"extended":[51],"to":[52],"capture":[53],"dynamics":[55],"complex":[57],"and":[60],"help":[61],"us":[62],"better":[63],"understand":[64],"their":[65],"behavior.":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
