{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367315632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","title":"Development of a High Min-Entropy Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission","display_name":"Development of a High Min-Entropy Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367315632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/731/pdf?version=1682668470","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/731/pdf?version=1682668470","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070316468","display_name":"Charlotte K. Duda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2464-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte K. Duda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Material Physics & Applications, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2464-8042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Material Physics & Applications, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102846551","display_name":"Kristina Meier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina A. Meier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligence & Space Research, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligence & Space Research, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063646458","display_name":"Raymond Newell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5989-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond T. Newell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Material Physics & Applications, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5989-5951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Material Physics & Applications, Los Alamos National Lab, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070316468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.674,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74254794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"731","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7126026153564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.7009767293930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5389742255210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.48304373025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46444323658943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45233866572380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.44241324067115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplified-spontaneous-emission","display_name":"Amplified spontaneous emission","score":0.4362652599811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4232608377933502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3499786853790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33844688534736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.27002525329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.26988351345062256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7126026153564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.7009767293930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5389742255210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.48304373025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46444323658943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45233866572380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.44241324067115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194564183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367841","display_name":"Amplified spontaneous emission","level":3,"score":0.4362652599811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4232608377933502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3499786853790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33844688534736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.27002525329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.26988351345062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/731/pdf?version=1682668470","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37238486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37238486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1975653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1975653","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1975653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10217541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10217541","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10217541/pdf/entropy-25-00731.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aee14bc1755b46269a7816c1ca7bcb01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aee14bc1755b46269a7816c1ca7bcb01","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 5, p 731 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/5/731/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 5; Pages: 731","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25050731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/731/pdf?version=1682668470","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2356915424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"89233218CNA000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6995210142","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"89233218CNA000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7500863821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"89233218CNA000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","funder_display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8659807574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"89233218CNA000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367315632.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532323625","https://openalex.org/W1596382714","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1983447335","https://openalex.org/W1986686371","https://openalex.org/W1995274875","https://openalex.org/W2003624976","https://openalex.org/W2011021198","https://openalex.org/W2032589650","https://openalex.org/W2047307840","https://openalex.org/W2067269590","https://openalex.org/W2094448546","https://openalex.org/W2119468274","https://openalex.org/W2135328793","https://openalex.org/W2145128977","https://openalex.org/W2167656187","https://openalex.org/W2552604774","https://openalex.org/W3098332918","https://openalex.org/W3099708810","https://openalex.org/W3100510456","https://openalex.org/W3103953265","https://openalex.org/W3171363671","https://openalex.org/W4298403653","https://openalex.org/W6785161235","https://openalex.org/W6841021022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134921237","https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W2109259595","https://openalex.org/W2360514482","https://openalex.org/W1989613568","https://openalex.org/W2247946197","https://openalex.org/W4292794277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,49],"present":[1],"the":[2,45,54,63,79,94,107],"theory,":[3],"architecture,":[4],"and":[5,78,90,104],"performance":[6],"characteristics":[7],"of":[8,53,106],"a":[9,18,29,74,86],"quantum":[10],"random":[11,56,81],"number":[12],"generator":[13],"(QRNG)":[14],"which":[15,39],"operates":[16],"in":[17],"PCI":[19],"express":[20],"form":[21],"factor-compatible":[22],"plug-and-play":[23],"design.":[24],"The":[25,67],"QRNG":[26],"relies":[27],"on":[28],"thermal":[30],"light":[31],"source":[32],"(in":[33],"this":[34],"case,":[35],"amplified":[36],"spontaneous":[37],"emission),":[38],"exhibits":[40],"photon":[41],"bunching":[42],"according":[43],"to":[44,62,92],"Bose-Einstein":[46],"(BE)":[47],"statistics.":[48],"demonstrate":[50],"that":[51],"98.7%":[52],"unprocessed":[55],"bit":[57],"stream":[58],"min-entropy":[59],"is":[60,70],"traceable":[61],"BE":[64],"(quantum)":[65],"signal.":[66],"classical":[68],"component":[69],"then":[71],"removed":[72],"using":[73],"non-reuse":[75],"shift-XOR":[76],"protocol,":[77],"final":[80],"numbers":[82],"are":[83],"generated":[84],"at":[85],"200":[87],"Mbps":[88],"rate":[89],"shown":[91],"pass":[93],"statistical":[95],"randomness":[96],"test":[97],"suites":[98],"FIPS":[99],"140-2,":[100],"Alphabit,":[101],"SmallCrush,":[102],"DIEHARD,":[103],"Rabbit":[105],"TestU01":[108],"library.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
