{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362668251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","title":"Unanimity, Coexistence, and Rigidity: Three Sides of Polarization","display_name":"Unanimity, Coexistence, and Rigidity: Three Sides of Polarization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362668251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37190410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/622/pdf?version=1680770069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/622/pdf?version=1680770069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062833990","display_name":"Serge Galam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9003-5420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116867","display_name":"Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po","ror":"https://ror.org/0266y7j75","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I205092303","https://openalex.org/I4210116867","https://openalex.org/I4210150854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serge Galam","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEVIPOF\u2014Centre for Political Research, Sciences Po and CNRS, 1 Place Saint Thomas d\u2019Aquin, 75007 Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9003-5420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEVIPOF\u2014Centre for Political Research, Sciences Po and CNRS, 1 Place Saint Thomas d\u2019Aquin, 75007 Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116867","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062833990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210116867"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.6889,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93299748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"622","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unanimity","display_name":"Unanimity","score":0.7213009595870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.6595618724822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contest","display_name":"CONTEST","score":0.639491617679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40013596415519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.34496086835861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.285278856754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26129060983657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.24217623472213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.16601452231407166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781423480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309409","display_name":"Unanimity","level":2,"score":0.7213009595870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6595618724822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.639491617679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40013596415519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34496086835861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.285278856754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26129060983657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24217623472213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.16601452231407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/622/pdf?version=1680770069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37190410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37190410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.14335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14335","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.14335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10138023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10138023","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10138023/pdf/entropy-25-00622.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b99f8369a0f476383f990cae134145d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b99f8369a0f476383f990cae134145d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 4, p 622 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/4/622/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 4; Pages: 622","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/622/pdf?version=1680770069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362668251.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489334831","https://openalex.org/W1843930136","https://openalex.org/W1973154518","https://openalex.org/W1988160458","https://openalex.org/W2004290567","https://openalex.org/W2005336610","https://openalex.org/W2006615560","https://openalex.org/W2016032046","https://openalex.org/W2037824076","https://openalex.org/W2038213820","https://openalex.org/W2066812126","https://openalex.org/W2070952198","https://openalex.org/W2073675027","https://openalex.org/W2085436081","https://openalex.org/W2089363606","https://openalex.org/W2134601553","https://openalex.org/W2135452286","https://openalex.org/W2141547333","https://openalex.org/W2142640746","https://openalex.org/W2206831561","https://openalex.org/W2313607118","https://openalex.org/W2672887890","https://openalex.org/W2784191913","https://openalex.org/W2810321196","https://openalex.org/W2902353398","https://openalex.org/W2904152473","https://openalex.org/W2971049878","https://openalex.org/W3010523242","https://openalex.org/W3038322369","https://openalex.org/W3039067596","https://openalex.org/W3042060575","https://openalex.org/W3084113925","https://openalex.org/W3098808800","https://openalex.org/W3100476586","https://openalex.org/W3101938645","https://openalex.org/W3104703660","https://openalex.org/W3105287761","https://openalex.org/W3106263863","https://openalex.org/W3123835290","https://openalex.org/W3183517306","https://openalex.org/W3186453837","https://openalex.org/W3203448336","https://openalex.org/W3206308820","https://openalex.org/W4213190703","https://openalex.org/W4220833289","https://openalex.org/W4226068156","https://openalex.org/W4243813765","https://openalex.org/W4253023358","https://openalex.org/W4285732468","https://openalex.org/W4292261426","https://openalex.org/W4293530889","https://openalex.org/W4296087351","https://openalex.org/W4296343572","https://openalex.org/W4296703659","https://openalex.org/W4311495714","https://openalex.org/W4360882931","https://openalex.org/W4361008302","https://openalex.org/W6651927009","https://openalex.org/W6671816859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2761241146","https://openalex.org/W38030672","https://openalex.org/W2946214509","https://openalex.org/W2606108738","https://openalex.org/W4286740636","https://openalex.org/W2628063975","https://openalex.org/W2356479129","https://openalex.org/W2387346515","https://openalex.org/W2361273020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Political":[0],"polarization":[1,25,91,124,181,217],"is":[2,26,101,136,185,222],"perceived":[3],"as":[4,65],"a":[5,18,34,47,90,93,103,123,126,148,188,205,211,241],"threat":[6],"to":[7,224],"democracies.":[8],"Using":[9],"the":[10,27,53,66,76,81,84,116,131,164,167,174,180,197,216,234,244,249],"Galam":[11],"model":[12],"of":[13,29,33,68,86,110,118,125,133,145,166,169,191,207,246],"opinion":[14,171,232],"dynamics":[15,54],"deployed":[16],"in":[17,210],"five-dimensional":[19],"parameter":[20],"space,":[21],"I":[22],"show":[23],"that":[24,95,128,179],"byproduct":[28],"an":[30],"essential":[31],"hallmark":[32],"vibrant":[35],"democratic":[36],"society,":[37],"namely":[38],"open":[39],"and":[40,113,177],"informal":[41],"discussions":[42],"among":[43],"agents.":[44],"Indeed,":[45],"within":[46,92],"homogeneous":[48],"social":[49,70],"community":[50,94,127],"with":[51,187,227],"floaters,":[52],"lead":[55],"gradually":[56],"toward":[57],"unanimity":[58],"(zero":[59],"entropy).":[60,202,238],"Polarization":[61],"can":[62],"eventually":[63],"appear":[64],"juxtaposition":[67],"non-mixing":[69],"groups":[71,109],"sharing":[72],"different":[73],"prejudices":[74],"about":[75],"issue":[77],"at":[78,173],"stake.":[79],"On":[80],"other":[82],"hand,":[83],"inclusion":[85],"contrarian":[87],"agents":[88,120,135,147,192,221],"produces":[89,122],"mixes":[96,129],"when":[97,130],"their":[98],"proportion":[99,132,168],"x":[100],"beyond":[102],"critical":[104,140],"value":[105],"xc=16\u22480.167":[106],"for":[107,153,159,243],"discussing":[108],"size":[111,155,161],"three":[112],"four.":[114],"Similarly,":[115],"presence":[117],"stubborn":[119,134,146,220],"also":[121],"greater":[137],"than":[138],"some":[139],"value.":[141],"For":[142],"equal":[143],"proportions":[144],"along":[149],"each":[150],"opinion,":[151],"ac=29\u22480.22":[152],"group":[154,160],"four":[156],"against":[157],"ac=14=0.25":[158],"three.":[162],"However,":[163],"evaluation":[165],"individual":[170],"shifts":[172],"attractor":[175],"12":[176],"indicates":[178],"produced":[182],"by":[183,219],"contrarians":[184],"fluid":[186],"good":[189],"deal":[190],"who":[193],"keep":[194],"shifting":[195,231],"between":[196,233,248],"two":[198,235],"opposed":[199,251],"blocks":[200],"(high":[201],"That":[203,239],"favors":[204],"coexistence":[206],"opposite":[208],"opinions":[209,236],"divided":[212],"community.":[213],"In":[214],"contrast,":[215],"created":[218],"found":[223],"be":[225],"frozen":[226,250],"very":[228],"few":[229],"individuals":[230],"(low":[237],"yields":[240],"basis":[242],"emergence":[245],"hate":[247],"blocks.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}