{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361008636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","title":"A Multi-Directional Pixel-Swapping Approach (MPSA) for Entropy-Retained Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images","display_name":"A Multi-Directional Pixel-Swapping Approach (MPSA) for Entropy-Retained Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361008636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37190351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/563/pdf?version=1679835140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/563/pdf?version=1679835140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071663510","display_name":"Shaiju Panchikkil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaiju Panchikkil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-8459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057825539","display_name":"V. M. Manikandan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6903-7563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. M. Manikandan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6903-7563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434437","display_name":"Yudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yudong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007987858","display_name":"Shuihua Wang\u200e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuihua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057825539","https://openalex.org/A5100434437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.8792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70659929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"563","last_page":"563"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.8177509307861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7714979648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6030130386352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5806680917739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5695679187774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.5385765433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.46200037002563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45266398787498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40004006028175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39796286821365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3342515230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31167376041412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29009705781936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.08010026812553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07327669858932495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.8177509307861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7714979648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6030130386352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5806680917739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5695679187774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5385765433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.46200037002563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45266398787498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40004006028175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39796286821365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3342515230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31167376041412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29009705781936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.08010026812553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07327669858932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/563/pdf?version=1679835140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37190351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37190351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10137374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10137374","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10137374/pdf/entropy-25-00563.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d9a7510c2afd4e29b59619484ccf90b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d9a7510c2afd4e29b59619484ccf90b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 4, p 563 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/4/563/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 25; Issue 4; Pages: 563","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25040563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040563","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/4/563/pdf?version=1679835140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570769388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24NN201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320188","funder_display_name":"Fight for Sight UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7965435125","display_name":"Accelerator Award","funder_award_id":"AA/18/3/34220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","display_name":"British Heart Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02wdwnk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320188","display_name":"Fight for Sight UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03133qe46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361008636.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W790982447","https://openalex.org/W1875944832","https://openalex.org/W1959190975","https://openalex.org/W2009674402","https://openalex.org/W2010380519","https://openalex.org/W2012711090","https://openalex.org/W2029438024","https://openalex.org/W2056515392","https://openalex.org/W2057876259","https://openalex.org/W2075965608","https://openalex.org/W2078961684","https://openalex.org/W2087095474","https://openalex.org/W2092042320","https://openalex.org/W2152185406","https://openalex.org/W2170269447","https://openalex.org/W2238376216","https://openalex.org/W2460569027","https://openalex.org/W2470053147","https://openalex.org/W2508330072","https://openalex.org/W2553731080","https://openalex.org/W2792490487","https://openalex.org/W2794624153","https://openalex.org/W2835756024","https://openalex.org/W2900076361","https://openalex.org/W2912150817","https://openalex.org/W2939900654","https://openalex.org/W2942420070","https://openalex.org/W2945338307","https://openalex.org/W2964109400","https://openalex.org/W2990996391","https://openalex.org/W2996473750","https://openalex.org/W2999623651","https://openalex.org/W3021799630","https://openalex.org/W3023896661","https://openalex.org/W3044067685","https://openalex.org/W3097704856","https://openalex.org/W3106208228","https://openalex.org/W3125380988","https://openalex.org/W3130446996","https://openalex.org/W3209756547","https://openalex.org/W4213316921","https://openalex.org/W4214829515","https://openalex.org/W4225392951","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W4295850075","https://openalex.org/W4316467723","https://openalex.org/W6673251410","https://openalex.org/W6765618087","https://openalex.org/W6780960949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3155443874","https://openalex.org/W2167554674","https://openalex.org/W3190769222","https://openalex.org/W3127228990","https://openalex.org/W2301878849","https://openalex.org/W2054082132","https://openalex.org/W2769668853","https://openalex.org/W3101977789","https://openalex.org/W2184946989","https://openalex.org/W32138105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reversible":[0],"data":[1,126],"hiding":[2,176],"(RDH),":[3],"a":[4,33,36,58,62,87,109,116,148],"promising":[5],"data-hiding":[6,139],"technique,":[7],"is":[8,91,98],"widely":[9],"examined":[10],"in":[11,132,150,173],"domains":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"medical":[15],"image":[16,19,70,83,107,144,151,162,172],"transmission,":[17,20],"satellite":[18],"crime":[21],"investigation,":[22],"cloud":[23],"computing,":[24],"etc.":[25],"None":[26],"of":[27,104,160,169,175,184],"the":[28,43,51,68,77,81,101,105,125,142,154,158,166,170,177,182,185],"existing":[29,137],"RDH":[30,64],"schemes":[31,140],"addresses":[32],"solution":[34],"from":[35],"real-time":[37,55],"aspect.":[38],"A":[39],"good":[40,118],"compromise":[41,149],"between":[42],"information":[44,97],"embedding":[45,193],"rate":[46,194],"and":[47,75,90,195],"computational":[48,196],"time":[49],"makes":[50],"scheme":[52,65,122],"suitable":[53],"for":[54,189],"applications.":[56],"As":[57],"solution,":[59],"we":[60],"propose":[61],"novel":[63],"that":[66],"recovers":[67],"original":[69],"by":[71,164],"retaining":[72],"its":[73],"quality":[74],"extracting":[76],"hidden":[78],"data.":[79,178],"Here,":[80],"cover":[82,106],"gets":[84],"encrypted":[85,102,134,143,161,171],"using":[86],"stream":[88],"cipher":[89],"partitioned":[92],"into":[93,100],"non-overlapping":[94],"blocks.":[95],"Secret":[96],"inserted":[99],"blocks":[103],"via":[108],"controlled":[110],"local":[111],"pixel-swapping":[112],"approach":[113],"to":[114,128,147],"achieve":[115],"comparatively":[117],"payload.":[119],"The":[120,136],"new":[121],"MPSA":[123],"allows":[124],"hider":[127],"hide":[129],"two":[130],"bits":[131],"every":[133],"block.":[135],"reversible":[138],"modify":[141],"pixels":[145],"leading":[146],"security.":[152],"However,":[153],"proposed":[155,186],"work":[156,187],"complements":[157],"support":[159],"security":[163],"maintaining":[165],"same":[167],"entropy":[168],"spite":[174],"Experimental":[179],"results":[180],"illustrate":[181],"competency":[183],"accounting":[188],"various":[190],"parameters,":[191],"including":[192],"time.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}