{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322502801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","title":"Optimization of the Double-Expansion Film-Cooling Hole Using CFD","display_name":"Optimization of the Double-Expansion Film-Cooling Hole Using CFD","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322502801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36981300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25030410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/3/410/pdf?version=1677231740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/3/410/pdf?version=1677231740","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000511351","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101802380","display_name":"Tianyu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2305-5720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110737420","display_name":"Xinrong Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinrong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055673706","display_name":"Xin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian Distrct, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110737420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.2216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92531157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"410","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10944","display_name":"Turbomachinery Performance and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10944","display_name":"Turbomachinery Performance and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11945","display_name":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansion-ratio","display_name":"Expansion ratio","score":0.6491286754608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-expansion","display_name":"Thermal expansion","score":0.6005212664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.509323000907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.5053005814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.48552727699279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansion-chamber","display_name":"Expansion chamber","score":0.4597404897212982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23407787084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.13188019394874573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197808020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420789","display_name":"Expansion ratio","level":2,"score":0.6491286754608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47463417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6583695","display_name":"Thermal expansion","level":2,"score":0.6005212664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.509323000907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5053005814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.48552727699279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971413","display_name":"Expansion chamber","level":2,"score":0.4597404897212982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23407787084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.13188019394874573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25030410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/3/410/pdf?version=1677231740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36981300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36981300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10048052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10048052","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10048052/pdf/entropy-25-00410.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:712c185e5670453884e3f9b808870bc3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/712c185e5670453884e3f9b808870bc3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 3, p 410 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/3/410/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25030410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/3/410/pdf?version=1677231740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3014567352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 51876098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4340578432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2019-III-0007-0050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5553320570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51876098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282030784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52276031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8908433617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2019-III","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322502801.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554378159","https://openalex.org/W1782592322","https://openalex.org/W1976106938","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W1990456272","https://openalex.org/W1999934808","https://openalex.org/W2034662810","https://openalex.org/W2077957696","https://openalex.org/W2088800255","https://openalex.org/W2093903704","https://openalex.org/W2103639556","https://openalex.org/W2905438404","https://openalex.org/W2954419416","https://openalex.org/W3007816806","https://openalex.org/W3012066394","https://openalex.org/W3121256510","https://openalex.org/W3148446797","https://openalex.org/W3201435769","https://openalex.org/W4220923509","https://openalex.org/W4239084514","https://openalex.org/W4247680473","https://openalex.org/W4252717147","https://openalex.org/W4255992920","https://openalex.org/W4312301506","https://openalex.org/W6723829492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038431068","https://openalex.org/W2077789538","https://openalex.org/W4223522124","https://openalex.org/W1973355215","https://openalex.org/W2001020614","https://openalex.org/W2114310119","https://openalex.org/W2001623019","https://openalex.org/W2390972273","https://openalex.org/W2717902749","https://openalex.org/W1969937811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Film":[0],"cooling":[1,5,26,33,137,171],"is":[2,20,55,82,219],"a":[3,31,194,207],"major":[4],"technique":[6],"used":[7,51],"in":[8,175,213],"modern":[9],"gas":[10],"turbines":[11],"and":[12,54,68,76,106,115,153,215],"air":[13],"engines.":[14],"The":[15,59,94,166],"geometry":[16],"of":[17,65,139,162,169,178],"film-cooling":[18,38],"holes":[19,53,61,98,142,187],"the":[21,25,36,49,73,77,90,109,116,131,135,140,155,160,163,176,179,184,211,216],"fundamental":[22],"aspect":[23],"affecting":[24],"performance.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"new":[32],"configuration":[34],"called":[35],"double-expansion":[37,60,97,118,141,164,186],"hole":[39,119],"has":[40],"been":[41],"put":[42],"forward,":[43],"which":[44,81],"yields":[45],"better":[46],"performance":[47],"than":[48],"widely":[50],"shaped":[52],"easy":[56],"to":[57,193],"manufacture.":[58],"at":[62,99,120,147,151,157],"inclination":[63,101],"angles":[64,102],"\u03b1=30\u2218,":[66,148],"45\u2218,":[67],"60\u2218":[69],"are":[70],"optimized":[71,96,110,117],"using":[72,89],"genetic":[74],"algorithm":[75],"Kriging":[78],"surrogate":[79],"model,":[80],"trained":[83],"by":[84,145,149],"CFD":[85,204],"data":[86],"randomly":[87],"sampled":[88],"Latin":[91],"hypercube":[92],"method.":[93],"numerically":[95],"different":[100,208],"were":[103],"experimentally":[104],"evaluated":[105],"compared":[107,192],"with":[108,130],"single-expansion":[111,133,197],"laid-back":[112],"fan-shaped":[113],"holes,":[114,134],"\u03b1=30\u2218":[121],"was":[122,143,172,200],"manually":[123],"modified":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"experiment":[127,212],"results.":[128],"Compared":[129],"optimal":[132,185],"area-averaged":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"increased":[144],"34.5%":[146],"27.8%":[150],"\u03b1=45\u2218,":[152],"basically":[154],"same":[156],"\u03b1=60\u2218,":[158],"showing":[159,183],"benefit":[161],"concept.":[165],"loss":[167,191],"mechanism":[168],"film":[170],"also":[173,201],"analyzed":[174],"perspective":[177],"entropy":[180],"generation":[181],"rate,":[182],"have":[188],"21%":[189],"less":[190],"baseline":[195],"narrow":[196],"hole.":[198],"It":[199],"found":[202],"that":[203],"sometimes":[205],"predicts":[206],"trend":[209],"from":[210],"optimization,":[214],"experimental":[217],"validation":[218],"necessary.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}