{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319599841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","title":"Passive Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution through the Oceanic Turbulence","display_name":"Passive Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution through the Oceanic Turbulence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319599841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36832673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/307/pdf?version=1675925248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/307/pdf?version=1675925248","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033222893","display_name":"Yiwu Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103959357","display_name":"Lei Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3004-7195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422503","display_name":"Hui Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8198-6374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100713692","display_name":"Yijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-8167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100713692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.5274,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7053565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"307","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8322125673294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.6360716819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5518108010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5314428210258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5157371163368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.48791977763175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4009406268596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34876710176467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.3467419743537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.32368338108062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3203481137752533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.26740944385528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.20752260088920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1952982246875763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8322125673294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.6360716819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5518108010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5314428210258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5157371163368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.48791977763175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4009406268596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34876710176467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3467419743537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32368338108062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3203481137752533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.26740944385528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.20752260088920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1952982246875763}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/307/pdf?version=1675925248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36832673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36832673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9955209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9955209","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9955209/pdf/entropy-25-00307.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bec18ac332ad47e5bdcbb6b33a43f8d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bec18ac332ad47e5bdcbb6b33a43f8d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 2, p 307 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/2/307/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/307/pdf?version=1675925248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3591305272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871407, 61801522","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3630722194","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u9ad8\u65af\u91cf\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u8de8\u5a92\u4ecb\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u5bc6\u94a5\u5206\u53d1\u673a\u5236","funder_award_id":"61871407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G478589964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801522","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319599841.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977148550","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2105027281","https://openalex.org/W2142739935","https://openalex.org/W2339011810","https://openalex.org/W2592419316","https://openalex.org/W2605840365","https://openalex.org/W2748244163","https://openalex.org/W2900537341","https://openalex.org/W2955725909","https://openalex.org/W2969444252","https://openalex.org/W3007043325","https://openalex.org/W3034516346","https://openalex.org/W3039483852","https://openalex.org/W3044253432","https://openalex.org/W3092520282","https://openalex.org/W3105946874","https://openalex.org/W3186442904","https://openalex.org/W3196625542","https://openalex.org/W3214862305","https://openalex.org/W4205164160","https://openalex.org/W4206308143","https://openalex.org/W4214637605","https://openalex.org/W4225833410","https://openalex.org/W4226028237","https://openalex.org/W4288035727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313487304","https://openalex.org/W2314556459","https://openalex.org/W2071612327","https://openalex.org/W2736059005","https://openalex.org/W3102184394","https://openalex.org/W2039023320","https://openalex.org/W2952878011","https://openalex.org/W4288362834","https://openalex.org/W4384517576","https://openalex.org/W2905159093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"variable":[1],"quantum":[2,28,161],"key":[3],"distribution":[4],"(CVQKD)":[5],"can":[6,105],"be":[7],"potentially":[8],"implemented":[9],"through":[10,56],"seawater":[11],"channels,":[12],"whereas":[13],"the":[14,23,34,37,41,44,53,57,63,68,74,87,93,100,115,137],"involved":[15],"oceanic":[16,38,58,94,116],"turbulence":[17,39],"has":[18,152],"a":[19,77,142,153],"negative":[20],"effect":[21],"on":[22,40,92],"maximal":[24],"transmission":[25,69,127],"distance":[26,70,128],"of":[27,36,43,52,73,89,108,126,141],"communication":[29],"systems.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32],"demonstrate":[33],"effects":[35,88],"performance":[42,83,122],"CVQKD":[45,55,135],"system":[46],"and":[47,71,118,129,150],"suggest":[48],"an":[49,147],"implementation":[50],"feasibility":[51],"passive":[54,134],"turbulence-based":[59],"channel.":[60,95],"We":[61],"achieve":[62],"channel":[64],"transmittance":[65],"characterized":[66],"by":[67],"depth":[72,130],"seawater.":[75],"Moreover,":[76],"non-Gaussian":[78],"approach":[79],"is":[80],"used":[81],"for":[82,159],"improvement":[84,123],"while":[85],"counteracting":[86],"excess":[90,109],"noises":[91],"Numerical":[96],"simulations":[97],"show":[98],"that":[99],"photon":[101],"operation":[102],"(PO)":[103],"unit":[104],"bring":[106],"reductions":[107],"noise":[110],"when":[111],"taking":[112],"into":[113],"account":[114],"turbulence,":[117],"hence":[119,151],"results":[120],"in":[121,124,156],"terms":[125],"as":[131],"well.":[132],"The":[133],"explores":[136],"intrinsic":[138],"field":[139],"fluctuations":[140],"thermal":[143],"source":[144],"without":[145],"using":[146],"active":[148],"scheme":[149],"promising":[154],"application":[155],"chip":[157],"integration":[158],"portable":[160],"communications.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
