{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319081409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","title":"Quantum Machine Learning: A Review and Case Studies","display_name":"Quantum Machine Learning: A Review and Case Studies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319081409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36832654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/287/pdf?version=1675645226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/287/pdf?version=1675645226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080929448","display_name":"Amine Zeguendry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-5667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119856527","display_name":"Cadi Ayyad University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xf6nm78","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119856527"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amine Zeguendry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119856527"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000776466","display_name":"Zahi Jarir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-1031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119856527","display_name":"Cadi Ayyad University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xf6nm78","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119856527"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zahi Jarir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119856527"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062055724","display_name":"Mohamed Quafafou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-7092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Quafafou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Information et des Syst\u00e8mes, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7296, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Information et des Syst\u00e8mes, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7296, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000776466","https://openalex.org/A5080929448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119856527"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":30.5619,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99793909,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"287","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","score":0.9171096086502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7568614482879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6225509643554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5813032984733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5752655267715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.46866166591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4550909996032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4188166856765747}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.9171096086502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7568614482879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6225509643554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5813032984733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5752655267715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.46866166591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4550909996032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4188166856765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/287/pdf?version=1675645226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36832654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36832654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05380826v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://amu.hal.science/hal-05380826","pdf_url":"https://amu.hal.science/hal-05380826/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, 2023, 25 (2), pp.287. ⟨10.3390/e25020287⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9955545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9955545","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9955545/pdf/entropy-25-00287.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1bb75130ca694c7ab562afd627e3201a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1bb75130ca694c7ab562afd627e3201a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 25, Iss 2, p 287 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/25/2/287/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e25020287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/2/287/pdf?version=1675645226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319081409.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492999010","https://openalex.org/W1598056440","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1981783889","https://openalex.org/W1988369744","https://openalex.org/W2002372750","https://openalex.org/W2029583542","https://openalex.org/W2030545386","https://openalex.org/W2031056773","https://openalex.org/W2050334794","https://openalex.org/W2101403221","https://openalex.org/W2102008187","https://openalex.org/W2103956991","https://openalex.org/W2111084110","https://openalex.org/W2117941808","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2268223243","https://openalex.org/W2321156686","https://openalex.org/W2340115191","https://openalex.org/W2374003720","https://openalex.org/W2489886790","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2562234976","https://openalex.org/W2579928628","https://openalex.org/W2607956695","https://openalex.org/W2625750408","https://openalex.org/W2749353276","https://openalex.org/W2766522683","https://openalex.org/W2785399333","https://openalex.org/W2790388700","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2796293949","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2798945316","https://openalex.org/W2798967590","https://openalex.org/W2804292523","https://openalex.org/W2887925010","https://openalex.org/W2888774813","https://openalex.org/W2896712926","https://openalex.org/W2922968028","https://openalex.org/W2926552232","https://openalex.org/W2944469918","https://openalex.org/W2963465541","https://openalex.org/W2965255203","https://openalex.org/W2969976437","https://openalex.org/W2971134816","https://openalex.org/W3007475506","https://openalex.org/W3034762567","https://openalex.org/W3045093737","https://openalex.org/W3092977835","https://openalex.org/W3098400458","https://openalex.org/W3098549583","https://openalex.org/W3098768946","https://openalex.org/W3101549158","https://openalex.org/W3102315948","https://openalex.org/W3102893153","https://openalex.org/W3104186104","https://openalex.org/W3105788074","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3132743969","https://openalex.org/W3134863278","https://openalex.org/W3169581362","https://openalex.org/W3173713405","https://openalex.org/W3209612530","https://openalex.org/W4231127907","https://openalex.org/W4251109627","https://openalex.org/W6635642861","https://openalex.org/W6662753740","https://openalex.org/W6704117900","https://openalex.org/W6767392226","https://openalex.org/W6785880491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287776258","https://openalex.org/W3027997911","https://openalex.org/W3021430260","https://openalex.org/W2981886227","https://openalex.org/W4323032116","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W4287980717","https://openalex.org/W4287262419","https://openalex.org/W3137915135","https://openalex.org/W3217374434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"its":[1,71,162,167],"undeniable":[2],"success,":[3],"classical":[4,168,190,202],"machine":[5,46],"learning":[6,47],"remains":[7],"a":[8,68,79,92,107,120,126,153],"resource-intensive":[9],"process.":[10],"Practical":[11],"computational":[12],"efforts":[13],"for":[14,131,140],"training":[15],"state-of-the-art":[16],"models":[17],"can":[18,75],"now":[19,65],"only":[20],"be":[21,76],"handled":[22],"by":[23],"high":[24],"speed":[25],"computer":[26,121,155],"hardware.":[27],"As":[28],"this":[29,87],"trend":[30],"is":[31,64,82,89],"expected":[32],"to":[33,90,156,164,188,208],"continue,":[34],"it":[35,187],"should":[36],"come":[37],"as":[38],"no":[39],"surprise":[40],"that":[41,74,165],"an":[42],"increasing":[43],"number":[44],"of":[45,54,70,86,94,101,128,166],"researchers":[48],"are":[49,136],"investigating":[50],"the":[51,99,137,147,170,178,181,189,195,205],"possible":[52],"advantages":[53],"quantum":[55,112,154],"computing.":[56],"The":[57,84],"scientific":[58],"literature":[59],"on":[60,152,180,204],"Quantum":[61,95,115,132,141,197],"Machine":[62,96,116,133,142],"Learning":[63,97,117,143],"enormous,":[66],"and":[67,160,185,200],"review":[69,93],"current":[72],"state":[73],"comprehended":[77],"without":[78],"physics":[80],"background":[81],"necessary.":[83],"objective":[85],"study":[88],"present":[91],"from":[98,105,110,119],"perspective":[100],"conventional":[102],"techniques.":[103],"Departing":[104],"giving":[106],"research":[108],"path":[109],"fundamental":[111,138],"theory":[113],"through":[114],"algorithms":[118,130],"scientist's":[122],"perspective,":[123],"we":[124,176,193],"discuss":[125],"set":[127],"basic":[129],"Learning,":[134],"which":[135],"components":[139],"algorithms.":[144],"We":[145],"implement":[146,177,194],"Quanvolutional":[148],"Neural":[149,172],"Networks":[150,173],"(QNNs)":[151],"recognize":[157],"handwritten":[158],"digits,":[159],"compare":[161,186,209],"performance":[163],"counterpart,":[169],"Convolutional":[171],"(CNNs).":[174],"Additionally,":[175],"QSVM":[179],"breast":[182],"cancer":[183],"dataset":[184,207],"SVM.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"Variational":[196],"Classifier":[198],"(VQC)":[199],"many":[201],"classifiers":[203],"Iris":[206],"their":[210],"accuracies.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}