{"id":"https://openalex.org/W36673319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25010178","title":"Tram-Train Interoperability: The EU Regulation Dimension","display_name":"Tram-Train Interoperability: The EU Regulation Dimension","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W36673319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e25010178","mag":"36673319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:36673319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/927654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764530501","display_name":"Public transport international","issn_l":"1016-796X","issn":["1016-796X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4360969309","host_organization_name":"International Union of Public Transport","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4360969309"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Union of Public Transport"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public transport international","raw_type":null},"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088737912","display_name":"Yves Amsler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yves Amsler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088737912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0106135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12984","display_name":"Transport and Logistics Innovations","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"transportation and logistics systems","score":0.9692999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.9211550354957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonization","display_name":"Harmonization","score":0.8208920359611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directive","display_name":"Directive","score":0.80349200963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.7033300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.6709222793579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.6514468789100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6442434787750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.6063985228538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5728970766067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-standard","display_name":"Technical standard","score":0.5470401644706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.359472393989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.33730608224868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33247971534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3004274070262909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12808790802955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.08720144629478455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.9211550354957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.8208920359611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.80349200963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.7033300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6709222793579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.6514468789100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6442434787750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6063985228538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5728970766067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135397884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317623","display_name":"Technical standard","level":2,"score":0.5470401644706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.359472393989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33730608224868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33247971534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3004274070262909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12808790802955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.08720144629478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:36673319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/927654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764530501","display_name":"Public transport international","issn_l":"1016-796X","issn":["1016-796X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4360969309","host_organization_name":"International Union of Public Transport","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4360969309"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Union of Public Transport"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public transport international","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8682770754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202104g01020012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336578","funder_display_name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Plan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336578","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Plan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W117312547","https://openalex.org/W622943066","https://openalex.org/W623477750","https://openalex.org/W591712374","https://openalex.org/W601023613","https://openalex.org/W563588577","https://openalex.org/W2216762883","https://openalex.org/W2188367357","https://openalex.org/W610918776","https://openalex.org/W1579199621","https://openalex.org/W2111359923","https://openalex.org/W590344278","https://openalex.org/W1572981716","https://openalex.org/W2617618247","https://openalex.org/W613553925","https://openalex.org/W2552034498","https://openalex.org/W622982140","https://openalex.org/W581473592","https://openalex.org/W3125403347","https://openalex.org/W2461327366"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-level":[0],"thresholding":[1,49,257],"image":[2,6,18,21,40,50,67,196,258,280],"segmentation":[3,30,41,51,68,178,197,259],"divides":[4],"an":[5,54],"into":[7],"multiple":[8],"regions":[9],"of":[10,27,36,83,103,111,117,155,165,180,235,277],"interest":[11],"and":[12,20,32,60,66,81,87,171,191,199,223,255,267],"is":[13,248],"a":[14],"key":[15],"step":[16],"in":[17,43,163,184],"processing":[19],"analysis.":[22],"Aiming":[23],"toward":[24],"the":[25,28,79,84,89,100,104,109,112,118,127,132,135,142,153,166,177,181,206,233,236,243,251,262,275],"problems":[26],"low":[29],"accuracy":[31],"slow":[33],"convergence":[34,90,143,169],"speed":[35],"traditional":[37],"multi-level":[38,48,256,278],"threshold":[39,95,279],"methods,":[42],"this":[44,185],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,175,229],"present":[47],"based":[52,260],"on":[53,187,261],"improved":[55,244,263],"slime":[56,105,245,264],"mould":[57,106,246,265],"algorithm":[58,113,247,266],"(ISMA)":[59],"symmetric":[61,268],"cross-entropy":[62,269],"for":[63,134],"global":[64],"optimization":[65,167],"tasks.":[69],"First,":[70],"elite":[71],"opposition-based":[72],"learning":[73],"(EOBL)":[74],"was":[75,96,138],"used":[76,97,150],"to":[77,98,107,114,140,151,215,231,250,274],"improve":[78,141],"quality":[80,179,234],"diversity":[82],"initial":[85],"population":[86],"accelerate":[88],"speed.":[91],"The":[92,121,202,238],"adaptive":[93],"probability":[94,102],"adjust":[99],"selection":[101],"enhance":[108],"ability":[110],"jump":[115],"out":[116],"local":[119],"optimum.":[120],"historical":[122,129],"leader":[123,133],"strategy,":[124],"which":[125,228],"selects":[126],"optimal":[128],"information":[130],"as":[131],"position":[136],"update,":[137],"found":[139],"accuracy.":[144],"Subsequently,":[145,174],"14":[146],"benchmark":[147],"functions":[148],"were":[149],"evaluate":[152,232],"performance":[154],"ISMA,":[156],"comparing":[157],"it":[158,193],"with":[159,194],"other":[160,195,252],"well-known":[161,200],"algorithms":[162],"terms":[164],"accuracy,":[168],"speed,":[170],"significant":[172],"differences.":[173],"tested":[176],"method":[182],"proposed":[183],"paper":[186],"eight":[188],"grayscale":[189],"images":[190],"compared":[192,253],"criteria":[198],"algorithms.":[201],"experimental":[203,239],"metrics":[204],"include":[205],"average":[207],"fitness":[208],"(mean),":[209],"standard":[210],"deviation":[211],"(std),":[212],"peak":[213],"signal":[214],"noise":[216],"ratio":[217],"(PSNR),":[218],"structure":[219],"similarity":[220,225],"index":[221,226],"(SSIM),":[222],"feature":[224],"(FSIM),":[227],"utilized":[230],"segmentation.":[237,281],"results":[240],"demonstrated":[241],"that":[242],"superior":[249],"algorithms,":[254],"can":[270],"be":[271],"effectively":[272],"applied":[273],"task":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
