{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307552584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","title":"Non-Separability of Physical Systems as a Foundation of Consciousness","display_name":"Non-Separability of Physical Systems as a Foundation of Consciousness","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307552584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36359629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1539/pdf?version=1667986086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1539/pdf?version=1667986086","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000306868","display_name":"Anton Arkhipov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1106-8310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anton Arkhipov","raw_affiliation_strings":["MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1106-8310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000306868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.7253,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65760393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"1539","last_page":"1539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.8539606332778931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.516586422920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-theories-of-consciousness","display_name":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","score":0.5110241174697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.453901469707489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4533121883869171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.43571579456329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.42298778891563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.42109471559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40390872955322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.35413244366645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3213420510292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2799924612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2354755997657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1986096203327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1776873767375946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.8539606332778931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.516586422920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1305866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4530887","display_name":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.5110241174697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.453901469707489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4533121883869171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.43571579456329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.42298778891563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.42109471559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40390872955322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.35413244366645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3213420510292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2799924612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2354755997657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1986096203327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1776873767375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1539/pdf?version=1667986086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36359629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36359629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.07504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07504","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.07504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9689906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9689906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:982569a06e6d4b288a6f2304243689a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/982569a06e6d4b288a6f2304243689a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 1539 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/11/1539/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 11; Pages: 1539","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1539/pdf?version=1667986086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318038","display_name":"Tiny Blue Dot Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307552584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307552584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":155,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140874426","https://openalex.org/W1484620082","https://openalex.org/W1511715654","https://openalex.org/W1521710274","https://openalex.org/W1554794238","https://openalex.org/W1595632196","https://openalex.org/W1596092532","https://openalex.org/W1661843733","https://openalex.org/W1718799960","https://openalex.org/W1799123644","https://openalex.org/W1847685889","https://openalex.org/W1889674509","https://openalex.org/W1969469858","https://openalex.org/W1973948787","https://openalex.org/W1978983866","https://openalex.org/W1984004232","https://openalex.org/W1985058283","https://openalex.org/W1985940938","https://openalex.org/W1987315149","https://openalex.org/W2002094651","https://openalex.org/W2005911190","https://openalex.org/W2005926822","https://openalex.org/W2008002200","https://openalex.org/W2016085611","https://openalex.org/W2017709228","https://openalex.org/W2021881716","https://openalex.org/W2024795845","https://openalex.org/W2025842401","https://openalex.org/W2029692747","https://openalex.org/W2030065691","https://openalex.org/W2032897227","https://openalex.org/W2034012235","https://openalex.org/W2034532999","https://openalex.org/W2042076346","https://openalex.org/W2042703806","https://openalex.org/W2048013965","https://openalex.org/W2050035613","https://openalex.org/W2050906253","https://openalex.org/W2054093259","https://openalex.org/W2055393378","https://openalex.org/W2056259374","https://openalex.org/W2063376654","https://openalex.org/W2070484080","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2080624414","https://openalex.org/W2082014836","https://openalex.org/W2082999983","https://openalex.org/W2083531734","https://openalex.org/W2085255879","https://openalex.org/W2086862358","https://openalex.org/W2091902028","https://openalex.org/W2094578359","https://openalex.org/W2102204212","https://openalex.org/W2106725754","https://openalex.org/W2111145055","https://openalex.org/W2114900706","https://openalex.org/W2116238171","https://openalex.org/W2121604350","https://openalex.org/W2133299302","https://openalex.org/W2138618236","https://openalex.org/W2138668594","https://openalex.org/W2144655282","https://openalex.org/W2155372299","https://openalex.org/W2155765255","https://openalex.org/W2157985941","https://openalex.org/W2158634152","https://openalex.org/W2160448328","https://openalex.org/W2161482522","https://openalex.org/W2164333417","https://openalex.org/W2170929047","https://openalex.org/W2171115516","https://openalex.org/W2188850810","https://openalex.org/W2290861101","https://openalex.org/W2319072648","https://openalex.org/W2325755521","https://openalex.org/W2339840868","https://openalex.org/W2342336620","https://openalex.org/W2343472995","https://openalex.org/W2394834952","https://openalex.org/W2468682987","https://openalex.org/W2499800833","https://openalex.org/W2517431276","https://openalex.org/W2530178105","https://openalex.org/W2565988279","https://openalex.org/W2609260523","https://openalex.org/W2611639936","https://openalex.org/W2620332686","https://openalex.org/W2741986628","https://openalex.org/W2762058319","https://openalex.org/W2766284800","https://openalex.org/W2779419474","https://openalex.org/W2780799982","https://openalex.org/W2809646835","https://openalex.org/W2810581259","https://openalex.org/W2811113323","https://openalex.org/W2884680957","https://openalex.org/W2890973879","https://openalex.org/W2898454884","https://openalex.org/W2905334783","https://openalex.org/W2946070544","https://openalex.org/W2950872391","https://openalex.org/W2952270372","https://openalex.org/W2952447148","https://openalex.org/W2960290043","https://openalex.org/W2963970956","https://openalex.org/W2973182845","https://openalex.org/W2989880046","https://openalex.org/W3001748254","https://openalex.org/W3009555114","https://openalex.org/W3034545848","https://openalex.org/W3036227607","https://openalex.org/W3038000163","https://openalex.org/W3039330297","https://openalex.org/W3040284823","https://openalex.org/W3043137967","https://openalex.org/W3047646103","https://openalex.org/W3081424244","https://openalex.org/W3081912027","https://openalex.org/W3095411193","https://openalex.org/W3100309453","https://openalex.org/W3100472255","https://openalex.org/W3100708443","https://openalex.org/W3101943633","https://openalex.org/W3104402883","https://openalex.org/W3104581664","https://openalex.org/W3128095451","https://openalex.org/W3138617260","https://openalex.org/W3154393765","https://openalex.org/W3165898261","https://openalex.org/W3190586500","https://openalex.org/W3199147584","https://openalex.org/W3201266294","https://openalex.org/W3206698818","https://openalex.org/W3210699874","https://openalex.org/W3212723250","https://openalex.org/W3216419099","https://openalex.org/W4210887302","https://openalex.org/W4210955860","https://openalex.org/W4211034486","https://openalex.org/W4213260613","https://openalex.org/W4225414052","https://openalex.org/W4226281036","https://openalex.org/W4237550020","https://openalex.org/W4247113397","https://openalex.org/W4255721438","https://openalex.org/W4281762065","https://openalex.org/W4287389972","https://openalex.org/W4300003842","https://openalex.org/W4388355785","https://openalex.org/W6635550147","https://openalex.org/W6664201760","https://openalex.org/W6682422124","https://openalex.org/W6683472420","https://openalex.org/W6788553298","https://openalex.org/W6804633081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951020105","https://openalex.org/W1995243476","https://openalex.org/W4300013288","https://openalex.org/W2105507641","https://openalex.org/W2115734485","https://openalex.org/W3011339974","https://openalex.org/W148258211","https://openalex.org/W2383721948","https://openalex.org/W4282829558","https://openalex.org/W2018375047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"hypothesis":[1,87,132],"is":[2,10,26],"presented":[3],"that":[4],"non-separability":[5,32,58,79,121,178],"of":[6,8,21,31,36,38,51,84,126,167,173,177,182,186],"degrees":[7,37],"freedom":[9,39],"the":[11,29,34,98,101,106,110,124,139,144,153,161,165,175,184],"fundamental":[12],"property":[13],"underlying":[14,164],"consciousness":[15,22,127,168],"in":[16,23,105,128],"physical":[17,162],"systems.":[18],"The":[19,86,131],"amount":[20,83,125,166,176,185],"a":[24,115,129,157],"system":[25],"determined":[27],"by":[28],"extent":[30],"and":[33,42,59,68,80,92,95,143,149,169],"number":[35],"involved.":[40],"Non-interacting":[41],"feedforward":[43],"systems":[44,50],"have":[45,56],"zero":[46],"consciousness,":[47],"whereas":[48],"most":[49],"interacting":[52],"particles":[53],"appear":[54,75],"to":[55,76,89,134,171],"low":[57],"consciousness.":[60,85,187],"By":[61],"contrast,":[62],"brain":[63],"circuits":[64],"exhibit":[65],"high":[66,78,82],"complexity":[67],"weak":[69],"but":[70],"tightly":[71],"coordinated":[72],"interactions,":[73],"which":[74],"support":[77],"therefore":[81],"applies":[88],"both":[90,138],"classical":[91,107],"quantum":[93],"cases,":[94],"we":[96],"highlight":[97],"formalism":[99],"employing":[100],"Wigner":[102],"function":[103],"(which":[104],"limit":[108],"becomes":[109],"Liouville":[111],"density":[112],"function)":[113],"as":[114,179],"potentially":[116],"fruitful":[117],"framework":[118],"for":[119,160],"characterizing":[120,183],"and,":[122],"thus,":[123],"system.":[130],"appears":[133],"be":[135],"consistent":[136],"with":[137],"Integrated":[140],"Information":[141],"Theory":[142,148],"Orchestrated":[145],"Objective":[146],"Reduction":[147],"may":[150],"help":[151],"reconcile":[152],"two.":[154],"It":[155],"offers":[156],"natural":[158],"explanation":[159],"properties":[163],"points":[170],"methods":[172],"estimating":[174],"promising":[180],"ways":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
