{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307189953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","title":"Spatial Information-Theoretic Optimal LPI Radar Waveform Design","display_name":"Spatial Information-Theoretic Optimal LPI Radar Waveform Design","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307189953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36359607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1515/pdf?version=1667874028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1515/pdf?version=1667874028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450252","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-4218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739251","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-1593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726466","display_name":"Yidong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455752","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8633-5829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031792324","display_name":"Jianjiang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-4215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjiang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100450252","https://openalex.org/A5100739251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":2.2554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91370213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"1515","last_page":"1515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-probability-of-intercept-radar","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","score":0.653740644454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6211408376693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5954084396362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5941466093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-quadratic-programming","display_name":"Sequential quadratic programming","score":0.4452786445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.42475005984306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40447667241096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.32788240909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28315436840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"Quadratic programming","score":0.2647068500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21138250827789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.20488619804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.16495302319526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10311257839202881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.653740644454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6211408376693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5954084396362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5941466093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198927703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4373881","display_name":"Sequential quadratic programming","level":3,"score":0.4452786445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42475005984306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40447667241096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.32788240909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28315436840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81845259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290117","display_name":"Quadratic programming","level":2,"score":0.2647068500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21138250827789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.20488619804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.16495302319526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10311257839202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1515/pdf?version=1667874028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36359607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36359607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4180b74d2acc4962984051d863c5f771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4180b74d2acc4962984051d863c5f771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 1515 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/11/1515/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 11; Pages: 1515","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9689462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9689462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24111515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/11/1515/pdf?version=1667874028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1223150123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2222807056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190772","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3068052941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20200020052005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326181","funder_display_name":"National Aerospace Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G344166885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20200020052005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3892527680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20200020052005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4325637016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190772","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G53494870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326181","funder_display_name":"National Aerospace Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5773624771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190772","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326181","funder_display_name":"National Aerospace Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7241804754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326181","display_name":"National Aerospace Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307189953.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1671626987","https://openalex.org/W1697864271","https://openalex.org/W2041684917","https://openalex.org/W2137632745","https://openalex.org/W2573494248","https://openalex.org/W2583897559","https://openalex.org/W2737080541","https://openalex.org/W2770997040","https://openalex.org/W3093752400","https://openalex.org/W3196395036","https://openalex.org/W3207682496","https://openalex.org/W4200172789","https://openalex.org/W4220736631","https://openalex.org/W4285174502","https://openalex.org/W4287887657","https://openalex.org/W4293370952","https://openalex.org/W6637359967","https://openalex.org/W6809473211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495847109","https://openalex.org/W2004765814","https://openalex.org/W2950419692","https://openalex.org/W1636544497","https://openalex.org/W4294686972","https://openalex.org/W2034611846","https://openalex.org/W2124163150","https://openalex.org/W293646134","https://openalex.org/W2464278922","https://openalex.org/W4380451819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,62],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,16,37,52,65,68,82,86,107,117],"design":[4,31],"of":[5,8,18,40,54,67,72,77,100],"low":[6,134],"probability":[7],"intercept":[9],"(LPI)":[10],"radar":[11,25,73],"waveforms":[12,58,102,120],"considers":[13],"not":[14,121],"only":[15,122],"performance":[17,70,88,136],"passive":[19],"interception":[20,135],"systems":[21],"(PISs),":[22],"but":[23,129],"also":[24,130],"detection":[26,69],"and":[27,74,85,126],"resolution":[28,87,127],"performance.":[29],"Waveform":[30],"is":[32,91],"an":[33],"important":[34],"considerations":[35],"for":[36],"LPI":[38,57,101,119],"ability":[39,50],"radar.":[41],"Since":[42],"information":[43,55],"theory":[44],"has":[45],"a":[46,132],"powerful":[47],"performance-bound":[48],"description":[49],"from":[51],"perspective":[53],"flow,":[56],"are":[59,79],"designed":[60,97,118],"in":[61],"paper":[63],"within":[64],"constraints":[66],"metrics":[71],"PISs,":[75],"both":[76],"which":[78,90],"measured":[80,92],"by":[81,93],"Kullback-Leibler":[83],"divergence,":[84],"metric,":[89],"joint":[94],"entropy.":[95],"The":[96],"optimization":[98],"model":[99],"can":[103],"be":[104],"solved":[105],"using":[106],"sequential":[108],"quadratic":[109],"programming":[110],"(SQP)":[111],"method.":[112],"Simulation":[113],"results":[114],"verify":[115],"that":[116],"have":[123,131],"satisfactory":[124],"target-detecting":[125],"performance,":[128],"superior":[133],"against":[137],"PISs.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}