{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283695105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","title":"ECG Classification Based on Wasserstein Scalar Curvature","display_name":"ECG Classification Based on Wasserstein Scalar Curvature","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283695105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1450/pdf?version=1666689973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1450/pdf?version=1666689973","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040806847","display_name":"Fupeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-1817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fupeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-1817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005204789","display_name":"Yin Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-6900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102944157","display_name":"Yihao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1169-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082709045","display_name":"Huafei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huafei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-9961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082709045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4912,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65399986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"1450","last_page":"1450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9383999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.6211733818054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6033807992935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.5001301765441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4616388976573944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.44155025482177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43280959129333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41506046056747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38881880044937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37182068824768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.14171814918518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10414043068885803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.6211733818054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6033807992935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5001301765441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4616388976573944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.44155025482177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43280959129333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41506046056747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38881880044937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37182068824768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.14171814918518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10414043068885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1450/pdf?version=1666689973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37420470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.12690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.12690","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.12690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ed17e87458a4dff964f071e125bd3ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ed17e87458a4dff964f071e125bd3ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 1450 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/10/1450/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 10; Pages: 1450","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9601874","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9601874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1450/pdf?version=1666689973","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5736273394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61179031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5811689838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 61179031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283695105.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283695105.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175234084","https://openalex.org/W1899604821","https://openalex.org/W1909740415","https://openalex.org/W1932584485","https://openalex.org/W1963558334","https://openalex.org/W1988183757","https://openalex.org/W1995088030","https://openalex.org/W2004060617","https://openalex.org/W2021921970","https://openalex.org/W2039632964","https://openalex.org/W2040104067","https://openalex.org/W2085067988","https://openalex.org/W2091076299","https://openalex.org/W2097000718","https://openalex.org/W2103287739","https://openalex.org/W2125101937","https://openalex.org/W2283856908","https://openalex.org/W2655940694","https://openalex.org/W2809565078","https://openalex.org/W2811071465","https://openalex.org/W2888858167","https://openalex.org/W2904850325","https://openalex.org/W2948471893","https://openalex.org/W2963696043","https://openalex.org/W2964534207","https://openalex.org/W2964944872","https://openalex.org/W3006913384","https://openalex.org/W3018365509","https://openalex.org/W3095137577","https://openalex.org/W3098302744","https://openalex.org/W3116441872","https://openalex.org/W3123326053","https://openalex.org/W3164385802","https://openalex.org/W3186201766","https://openalex.org/W3199221866","https://openalex.org/W3215762051","https://openalex.org/W4210305643","https://openalex.org/W4233762729","https://openalex.org/W4286784953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107628111","https://openalex.org/W2394004323","https://openalex.org/W55883722","https://openalex.org/W2398764543","https://openalex.org/W2789802309","https://openalex.org/W2027335291","https://openalex.org/W2394379345","https://openalex.org/W2079726820","https://openalex.org/W4210328553","https://openalex.org/W3215763795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrocardiograms":[0],"(ECG)":[1],"analysis":[2,121],"is":[3,125],"one":[4],"of":[5,38,54,61,71,82,122,149],"the":[6,29,35,52,58,67,72,79,90,115,119,123,131,138,147],"most":[7],"important":[8],"ways":[9],"to":[10,27],"diagnose":[11],"heart":[12,32,94,150],"disease.":[13,151],"This":[14],"paper":[15,77,109],"proposes":[16],"an":[17,45],"efficient":[18],"ECG":[19,46,62],"classification":[20,148],"method":[21,43],"based":[22],"on":[23,51,130],"Wasserstein":[24,68,83],"scalar":[25,84],"curvature":[26],"comprehend":[28],"connection":[30],"between":[31,92],"disease":[33],"and":[34,105,118,142],"mathematical":[36,101],"characteristics":[37,60],"ECG.":[39],"The":[40],"newly":[41],"proposed":[42],"converts":[44],"into":[47],"a":[48,111],"point":[49],"cloud":[50],"family":[53],"Gaussian":[55],"distribution,":[56],"where":[57],"pathological":[59],"will":[63],"be":[64],"extracted":[65],"by":[66],"geometric":[69],"structure":[70],"statistical":[73],"manifold.":[74],"Technically,":[75],"this":[76,108],"defines":[78],"histogram":[80],"dispersion":[81],"curvature,":[85],"which":[86],"can":[87],"accurately":[88],"describe":[89],"divergence":[91],"different":[93],"diseases.":[95],"By":[96],"combining":[97],"medical":[98],"experience":[99],"with":[100,134,146],"ideas":[102],"from":[103],"geometry":[104],"data":[106],"science,":[107],"provides":[110],"feasible":[112],"algorithm":[113,124],"for":[114],"new":[116,139],"method,":[117],"theoretical":[120],"carried":[126],"out.":[127],"Digital":[128],"experiments":[129],"classical":[132],"database":[133],"large":[135],"samples":[136],"show":[137],"algorithm's":[140],"accuracy":[141],"efficiency":[143],"when":[144],"dealing":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
