{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296825995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","title":"Security Analysis of Sending or Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Weak Randomness","display_name":"Security Analysis of Sending or Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Weak Randomness","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296825995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1339/pdf?version=1663915699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1339/pdf?version=1663915699","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080475349","display_name":"Xiao-Lei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-0012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Lei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322572","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140493","display_name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttadj76","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I4210140493","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140493","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064780042","display_name":"Yifei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-0556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015909716","display_name":"Jia-Ji Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Ji Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102255401","display_name":"Chun Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100947912","display_name":"Wan\u2010Su Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Su Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100322572","https://openalex.org/A5100947912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I4210140493","https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.5549,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72378417,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"1339","last_page":"1339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.9596881866455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.9016488790512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bb84","display_name":"BB84","score":0.6503419280052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6406046748161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.6199187636375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5916218757629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-transmission","display_name":"Secure transmission","score":0.5016787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.4898383319377899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness-tests","display_name":"Randomness tests","score":0.4814159870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46186667680740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.35691386461257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35172367095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.33548882603645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23272797465324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21173736453056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18053331971168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1705719232559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.14244970679283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.14157947897911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.13672000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12946709990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12223970890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10584580898284912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9596881866455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.9016488790512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.6503419280052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6406046748161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.6199187636375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5916218757629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.5016787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4898383319377899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18017163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13560113","display_name":"Randomness tests","level":3,"score":0.4814159870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46186667680740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.35691386461257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35172367095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.33548882603645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23272797465324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21173736453056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18053331971168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1705719232559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.14244970679283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.14157947897911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13672000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12946709990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12223970890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10584580898284912}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1339/pdf?version=1663915699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37420359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1a214799256443cb9d41bf42a279170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1a214799256443cb9d41bf42a279170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 1339 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/10/1339/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 10; Pages: 1339","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9601324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9601324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24101339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/10/1339/pdf?version=1663915699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1634333865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2128508963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202300410534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2542590006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0309702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2891429313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202300410534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3590804312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0309702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G423101186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M691536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4296081047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4598285196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822023108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0309702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6626374148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M691536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7238380559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202300410534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7855820454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202300410534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7877488894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M691536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296825995.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1716995571","https://openalex.org/W1947193551","https://openalex.org/W2013622559","https://openalex.org/W2014048641","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2040234854","https://openalex.org/W2042587503","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2056691533","https://openalex.org/W2140192101","https://openalex.org/W2170240091","https://openalex.org/W2273682834","https://openalex.org/W2552450285","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2803691034","https://openalex.org/W2883320370","https://openalex.org/W2898955392","https://openalex.org/W2906312651","https://openalex.org/W2912318904","https://openalex.org/W2918133212","https://openalex.org/W2919518819","https://openalex.org/W2928179339","https://openalex.org/W2966623503","https://openalex.org/W2968264617","https://openalex.org/W2971481973","https://openalex.org/W2972600872","https://openalex.org/W2974306474","https://openalex.org/W2981311533","https://openalex.org/W2997793928","https://openalex.org/W2999590628","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3049475017","https://openalex.org/W3093789514","https://openalex.org/W3100819138","https://openalex.org/W3102213667","https://openalex.org/W3103758520","https://openalex.org/W3105437186","https://openalex.org/W3105743592","https://openalex.org/W3106112951","https://openalex.org/W3119595883","https://openalex.org/W3124931258","https://openalex.org/W3126614368","https://openalex.org/W3128601544","https://openalex.org/W3145771445","https://openalex.org/W3161163864","https://openalex.org/W3167713705","https://openalex.org/W3175461446","https://openalex.org/W3193327733","https://openalex.org/W4224297686","https://openalex.org/W4280526795","https://openalex.org/W4296471904","https://openalex.org/W6640919364","https://openalex.org/W6753281030","https://openalex.org/W6785880451","https://openalex.org/W6786303992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988941773","https://openalex.org/W2098078267","https://openalex.org/W2034912392","https://openalex.org/W4229004744","https://openalex.org/W2122945788","https://openalex.org/W1981044384","https://openalex.org/W2800452287","https://openalex.org/W1966252956","https://openalex.org/W2151161261","https://openalex.org/W2042387134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sending-or-not":[0],"sending":[1],"twin-field":[2],"quantum":[3,29],"key":[4,20,30,45,92],"distribution":[5],"(SNS":[6],"TF-QKD)":[7],"has":[8],"the":[9,24,33,43,62,65,69,86,90,96,117,122,126,135,138,143],"advantage":[10],"of":[11,15,27,64,137,145],"tolerating":[12],"large":[13],"amounts":[14],"misalignment":[16],"errors,":[17],"and":[18,47,99,125],"its":[19,49,55],"rate":[21,46,93],"can":[22,79,94],"exceed":[23,95],"linear":[25],"bound":[26],"repeaterless":[28],"distribution.":[31],"However,":[32],"weak":[34,66,87,118],"randomness":[35,67,119,136],"in":[36],"a":[37],"practical":[38],"QKD":[39,128],"system":[40],"may":[41],"lower":[42],"secret":[44,91],"limit":[48],"achievable":[50],"communication":[51],"distance,":[52],"thus":[53],"compromising":[54],"performance.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60],"analyze":[61],"effects":[63],"on":[68],"SNS":[70,77,111],"TF-QKD.":[71],"The":[72],"numerical":[73],"simulation":[74,106],"shows":[75],"that":[76,110,133],"TF-QKD":[78,112],"still":[80],"have":[81],"an":[82],"excellent":[83],"performance":[84],"under":[85],"random":[88],"condition:":[89],"PLOB":[97],"boundary":[98],"achieve":[100],"long":[101],"transmission":[102],"distances.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"our":[105],"results":[107,131],"also":[108],"show":[109],"is":[113,140],"more":[114],"robust":[115],"to":[116,142],"loopholes":[120],"than":[121],"BB84":[123],"protocol":[124],"measurement-device-independent":[127],"(MDI-QKD).":[129],"Our":[130],"emphasize":[132],"keeping":[134],"states":[139],"significant":[141],"protection":[144],"state":[146],"preparation":[147],"devices.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}