{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291464740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","title":"An Entropy-Based Measure of Complexity: An Application in Lung-Damage","display_name":"An Entropy-Based Measure of Complexity: An Application in Lung-Damage","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291464740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1119/pdf?version=1661325693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1119/pdf?version=1661325693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083261749","display_name":"Pilar Ortiz-Vilchis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilar Ortiz-Vilchis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-4093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010641844","display_name":"Aldo Ram\u00edrez-Arellano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-9847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldo Ramirez-Arellano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-9847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010641844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72536798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"1119","last_page":"1119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9501000046730042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.6407021284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung","display_name":"Lung","score":0.5580978989601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.510840117931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4945327937602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4695996046066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4509149193763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.38597726821899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37405824661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3709588050842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34536612033843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2000221312046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.19242417812347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1516927182674408}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.6407021284103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.5580978989601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.510840117931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4945327937602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4695996046066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4509149193763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.38597726821899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37405824661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3709588050842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34536612033843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2000221312046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.19242417812347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1516927182674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1119/pdf?version=1661325693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36010783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d10ef3abbb54b6a99997b4a6bb41595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d10ef3abbb54b6a99997b4a6bb41595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 1119 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/8/1119/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 8; Pages: 1119","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9407132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9407132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1119/pdf?version=1661325693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1895021693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SIP20220421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","funder_display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3637269316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SIP20220415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","funder_display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291464740.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987805244","https://openalex.org/W2019314293","https://openalex.org/W2050739633","https://openalex.org/W2130899853","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2158196600","https://openalex.org/W2167191107","https://openalex.org/W2219553854","https://openalex.org/W2488758846","https://openalex.org/W2562672634","https://openalex.org/W2748902594","https://openalex.org/W2750715393","https://openalex.org/W2769105891","https://openalex.org/W2770881712","https://openalex.org/W2800431812","https://openalex.org/W2892492415","https://openalex.org/W2904332291","https://openalex.org/W2912844766","https://openalex.org/W2913331301","https://openalex.org/W2993636321","https://openalex.org/W3000044174","https://openalex.org/W3005273854","https://openalex.org/W3007670341","https://openalex.org/W3009875419","https://openalex.org/W3011048075","https://openalex.org/W3011364032","https://openalex.org/W3012682715","https://openalex.org/W3017403618","https://openalex.org/W3017644243","https://openalex.org/W3019336217","https://openalex.org/W3020254680","https://openalex.org/W3020653337","https://openalex.org/W3028231159","https://openalex.org/W3029307542","https://openalex.org/W3029814328","https://openalex.org/W3042689945","https://openalex.org/W3044548337","https://openalex.org/W3047929474","https://openalex.org/W3048657539","https://openalex.org/W3049581495","https://openalex.org/W3092530991","https://openalex.org/W3098534003","https://openalex.org/W3108897485","https://openalex.org/W3110602624","https://openalex.org/W3114166611","https://openalex.org/W3120518378","https://openalex.org/W3121645793","https://openalex.org/W3131326546","https://openalex.org/W3142073670","https://openalex.org/W3155545305","https://openalex.org/W3184886727","https://openalex.org/W3187093824","https://openalex.org/W3195378482","https://openalex.org/W3201439857","https://openalex.org/W4206245015","https://openalex.org/W4207075999","https://openalex.org/W4210721499","https://openalex.org/W4213267304","https://openalex.org/W4220681293","https://openalex.org/W4220863829","https://openalex.org/W4220943757","https://openalex.org/W4221032372","https://openalex.org/W4224031250","https://openalex.org/W4226060647","https://openalex.org/W4226468200","https://openalex.org/W6792076884","https://openalex.org/W6808994501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205698903","https://openalex.org/W4400613637","https://openalex.org/W4294968941","https://openalex.org/W4255837520","https://openalex.org/W4283819461","https://openalex.org/W4390279739","https://openalex.org/W4205413867","https://openalex.org/W3179695362","https://openalex.org/W4394620624","https://openalex.org/W3177646415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,117],"computed":[1],"tomography":[2],"(CT)":[3],"chest":[4],"is":[5,71,144],"a":[6,66,75,101,145,185],"tool":[7],"for":[8,183],"diagnostic":[9,31],"tests":[10],"and":[11,21,27,33,39,88,109,114,128,139],"the":[12,95,123,155,159,162,168,172,175,181],"early":[13],"evaluation":[14],"of":[15,58,80,119,174],"lung":[16,47],"infections,":[17],"pulmonary":[18],"interstitial":[19],"damage,":[20],"complications":[22],"caused":[23],"by":[24,126,171],"common":[25,115,120],"pneumonia":[26,91,121],"COVID-19.":[28],"Additionally,":[29],"computer-aided":[30],"systems":[32],"methods":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36],"entropy,":[37],"fractality,":[38],"deep":[40],"learning":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"implemented":[44],"to":[45,53,73,151],"analyse":[46],"CT":[48,78],"images.":[49],"This":[50],"article":[51],"aims":[52],"introduce":[54],"an":[55],"Entropy-based":[56],"Measure":[57,69],"Complexity":[59],"(EMC).":[60],"In":[61],"addition,":[62],"derived":[63],"from":[64,112],"EMC,":[65],"Lung":[67],"Damage":[68],"(LDM)":[70],"introduced":[72],"show":[74],"medical":[76],"application.":[77],"scans":[79],"486":[81],"healthy":[82,107,129],"subjects,":[83],"263":[84],"diagnosed":[85],"with":[86,90],"COVID-19,":[87],"329":[89],"were":[92],"analysed":[93],"using":[94],"LDM.":[96,187],"statistical":[98],"analysis":[99],"shows":[100],"significant":[102],"difference":[103],"in":[104],"LDM":[105,118,132,143],"between":[106],"subjects":[108],"those":[110],"suffering":[111],"COVID-19":[113,127],"pneumonia.":[116],"was":[122],"highest,":[124],"followed":[125],"subjects.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"increased":[133],"as":[134,136],"much":[135],"clinical":[137],"classification":[138],"CO-RADS":[140],"scores.":[141],"Thus,":[142],"measure":[146],"that":[147],"could":[148],"be":[149,180],"used":[150],"determine":[152],"or":[153],"confirm":[154],"scored":[156],"severity.":[157],"On":[158],"other":[160],"hand,":[161],"d-summable":[163],"information":[164,169],"model":[165],"best":[166],"fits":[167],"obtained":[170],"covering":[173],"CT;":[176],"thus,":[177],"it":[178],"can":[179],"cornerstone":[182],"formulating":[184],"fractional":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}