{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290741980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","title":"Ladderpath Approach: How Tinkering and Reuse Increase Complexity and Information","display_name":"Ladderpath Approach: How Tinkering and Reuse Increase Complexity and Information","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290741980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1082/pdf?version=1661332521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1082/pdf?version=1661332521","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063833400","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-6490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-6490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102710973","display_name":"Zengru Di","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5240-298X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengru Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060674598","display_name":"Philip Gerlee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Gerlee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden","Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-0177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063833400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.8575,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84825696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"1082","last_page":"1082"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6900020837783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.610369086265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.5801522731781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4879595637321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4628905653953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4150159955024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4084915220737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2576913833618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09375384449958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08889341354370117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6900020837783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.610369086265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.5801522731781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4879595637321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4628905653953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4150159955024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4084915220737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2576913833618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09375384449958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08889341354370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1082/pdf?version=1661332521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36010747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7edd392f97b440a3bed7c69bbd6bb868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7edd392f97b440a3bed7c69bbd6bb868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 1082 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/8/1082/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 8; Pages: 1082","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9407278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9407278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:532004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/532004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1082/pdf?version=1661332521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3505041705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"28705-310432106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","funder_display_name":"Beijing Normal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290741980.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290741980.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969678783","https://openalex.org/W1993204154","https://openalex.org/W1995205814","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2016526008","https://openalex.org/W2025237642","https://openalex.org/W2029308360","https://openalex.org/W2036613247","https://openalex.org/W2065127848","https://openalex.org/W2075694080","https://openalex.org/W2077770566","https://openalex.org/W2107745473","https://openalex.org/W2108726522","https://openalex.org/W2110764329","https://openalex.org/W2122962290","https://openalex.org/W2124352761","https://openalex.org/W2131984349","https://openalex.org/W2154462988","https://openalex.org/W2613477288","https://openalex.org/W2895025115","https://openalex.org/W2896421293","https://openalex.org/W2949217372","https://openalex.org/W2962695923","https://openalex.org/W3005820693","https://openalex.org/W3007598106","https://openalex.org/W3074370793","https://openalex.org/W3092095326","https://openalex.org/W3102848361","https://openalex.org/W3104792170","https://openalex.org/W3117149351","https://openalex.org/W3120793360","https://openalex.org/W3163266962","https://openalex.org/W3214307658","https://openalex.org/W4230306965","https://openalex.org/W4235290305","https://openalex.org/W4283653802","https://openalex.org/W4285511326","https://openalex.org/W6737797859","https://openalex.org/W6761016183","https://openalex.org/W6782021770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384475851","https://openalex.org/W2000444236","https://openalex.org/W2353602216","https://openalex.org/W2367078749","https://openalex.org/W2381798600","https://openalex.org/W1910583078","https://openalex.org/W2351618306","https://openalex.org/W2999162218","https://openalex.org/W1537443268","https://openalex.org/W2390634956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129],"notion":[1,35,52],"of":[2,23,36,53,86,127,136,155,161],"information":[3,138],"and":[4,19,79,100,103,124,149,158],"complexity":[5],"are":[6,26],"important":[7],"concepts":[8],"in":[9,142,152,163],"many":[10],"scientific":[11],"fields":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,114],"molecular":[15],"biology,":[16],"evolutionary":[17],"theory":[18],"exobiology.":[20],"Many":[21],"measures":[22,74],"these":[24],"quantities":[25],"either":[27],"difficult":[28],"to":[29,43,97,121],"compute,":[30],"rely":[31],"on":[32,46],"the":[33,51,71,77,80,91,125,137,159],"statistical":[34],"information,":[37],"or":[38],"can":[39,61,94,111],"only":[40],"be":[41,62,95,112],"applied":[42,96],"strings.":[44],"Based":[45],"assembly":[47],"theory,":[48],"we":[49,117],"propose":[50],"a":[54,143,147],"ladderpath,":[55,72],"which":[56,82],"describes":[57],"how":[58,90],"an":[59,133],"object":[60,145],"decomposed":[63],"into":[64],"hierarchical":[65],"structures":[66],"using":[67],"repetitive":[68],"elements.":[69],"From":[70],"two":[73,84],"naturally":[75],"emerge:":[76],"ladderpath-index":[78],"order-index,":[81],"represent":[83],"axes":[85],"complexity.":[87],"We":[88],"show":[89],"ladderpath":[92,130],"approach":[93,131],"both":[98],"strings":[99],"spatial":[101],"patterns":[102],"argue":[104],"that":[105,108,139],"all":[106],"systems":[107,157],"undergo":[109],"evolution":[110],"described":[113],"ladderpaths.":[115],"Further,":[116],"discuss":[118],"possible":[119],"applications":[120],"human":[122],"language":[123],"origin":[126,160],"life.":[128],"provides":[132],"alternative":[134],"characterization":[135],"is":[140],"contained":[141],"single":[144],"(or":[146],"system)":[148],"could":[150],"aid":[151],"our":[153],"understanding":[154],"evolving":[156],"life":[162],"particular.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
