{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289704948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","title":"Waveform Design for Multi-Target Detection Based on Two-Stage Information Criterion","display_name":"Waveform Design for Multi-Target Detection Based on Two-Stage Information Criterion","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289704948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1075/pdf?version=1659535927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1075/pdf?version=1659535927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685137","display_name":"Yu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016250464","display_name":"Xiaoxiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-1949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101685137"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I4210104252"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.5645,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82597733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"1075","last_page":"1075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.8620681762695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.6911344528198242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6017608642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.48825743794441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47385624051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.45704135298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.451917439699173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-information-criterion","display_name":"Bayesian information criterion","score":0.4341789484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.4239161014556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32169532775878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.32076355814933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.26181966066360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24674317240715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.22724699974060059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.8620681762695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.6911344528198242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6017608642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.48825743794441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47385624051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.45704135298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.451917439699173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168136583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988242","display_name":"Bayesian information criterion","level":2,"score":0.4341789484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4239161014556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32169532775878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32076355814933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.26181966066360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24674317240715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22724699974060059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1075/pdf?version=1659535927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36010739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf8fc798501c48aea6ee33c6921b0e24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf8fc798501c48aea6ee33c6921b0e24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 1075 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/8/1075/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 8; Pages: 1075","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9407354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9407354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1075/pdf?version=1659535927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2957985938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4245582665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JQ\u2010709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6145167575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JQ-709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289704948.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289704948.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990958021","https://openalex.org/W2032735227","https://openalex.org/W2035139120","https://openalex.org/W2044508402","https://openalex.org/W2060184230","https://openalex.org/W2074857608","https://openalex.org/W2079800918","https://openalex.org/W2125399902","https://openalex.org/W2134479433","https://openalex.org/W2136414026","https://openalex.org/W2137632745","https://openalex.org/W2156576615","https://openalex.org/W2158685194","https://openalex.org/W2161391652","https://openalex.org/W2161445862","https://openalex.org/W2168925683","https://openalex.org/W2192698682","https://openalex.org/W2548993418","https://openalex.org/W2569461747","https://openalex.org/W2573494248","https://openalex.org/W2608666219","https://openalex.org/W2761703530","https://openalex.org/W2778951558","https://openalex.org/W2886654632","https://openalex.org/W2895343260","https://openalex.org/W2920156224","https://openalex.org/W2948729588","https://openalex.org/W3023909109","https://openalex.org/W3080315048","https://openalex.org/W3093752400","https://openalex.org/W3136606735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566728629","https://openalex.org/W2785601041","https://openalex.org/W2241417046","https://openalex.org/W2908598672","https://openalex.org/W2597403208","https://openalex.org/W4307206503","https://openalex.org/W1983106178","https://openalex.org/W2393900892","https://openalex.org/W4306760398","https://openalex.org/W1566144976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parameter":[0],"estimation":[1,28,175],"accuracy":[2,29],"and":[3,30,103,112],"average":[4],"sample":[5],"number":[6],"(ASN)":[7],"reduction":[8,32],"are":[9],"important":[10],"to":[11,51,64],"improving":[12],"target":[13,67,156,191],"detection":[14,54,135,192],"performance":[15],"in":[16],"sequential":[17],"hypothesis":[18],"tests.":[19],"Multiple-input":[20],"multiple-output":[21],"(MIMO)":[22],"radar":[23],"can":[24,152,171,188],"balance":[25],"between":[26,108],"parameter":[27,124,174],"ASN":[31],"through":[33],"waveform":[34,42,61,114,119,129,144,161],"diversity.":[35],"In":[36,56,87,158],"this":[37],"study,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"a":[41,47],"design":[43,130,145,162,179],"method":[44],"based":[45,69,96,146,163,180],"on":[46,70,97,147,164,181],"two-stage":[48,149],"information":[49,76,150],"criterion":[50,72,99,151,166,183],"improve":[52,172,189],"multi-target":[53,134],"performance.":[55,193],"the":[57,60,66,71,80,83,88,91,98,113,118,122,143,148,155,160,165,173,178,182,190],"first":[58],"stage,":[59,90],"is":[62,94,115,136],"designed":[63,95],"estimate":[65],"parameters":[68],"of":[73,82,100,121,167,184],"single-hypothesis":[74],"mutual":[75],"(MI)":[77],"maximization":[78,107,187],"under":[79],"constraint":[81],"signal-to-noise":[84],"ratio":[85],"(SNR).":[86],"second":[89],"objective":[92],"function":[93],"MI":[101,169],"minimization":[102,170],"Kullback-Leibler":[104],"divergence":[105],"(KLD)":[106],"multi-hypothesis":[109],"posterior":[110],"probabilities,":[111],"chosen":[116],"from":[117],"library":[120],"first-stage":[123],"estimation.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"an":[127],"adaptive":[128],"algorithm":[131],"framework":[132],"for":[133],"proposed.":[137],"The":[138],"simulation":[139],"results":[140],"reveal":[141],"that":[142],"rapidly":[153],"detect":[154],"direction.":[157],"addition,":[159],"dual-hypothesis":[168,185],"performance,":[176],"whereas":[177],"KLD":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
