{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287010034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","title":"Complex Network Analysis of Mass Violation, Specifically Mass Killing","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis of Mass Violation, Specifically Mass Killing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287010034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1017/pdf?version=1659418232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1017/pdf?version=1659418232","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032629982","display_name":"Iqra Erum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqra Erum","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080820575","display_name":"Rauf Ahmed Shams Malick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-4883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rauf Ahmed Shams Malick","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017825966","display_name":"Ghufran Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-9638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghufran Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006125158","display_name":"Hocine Cherifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136953","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, Informatique et Image","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnd7c94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I190752583","https://openalex.org/I190861549","https://openalex.org/I4210118524","https://openalex.org/I4210134562","https://openalex.org/I4210136953","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hocine Cherifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image (Le2i) UMR 6306 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image (Le2i) UMR 6306 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136953","https://openalex.org/I177064439","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080820575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.26,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51797076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"1017","last_page":"1017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.8251000046730042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.8251000046730042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.7400000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4103166460990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3994949758052826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.37920573353767395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4103166460990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3994949758052826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.37920573353767395}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1017/pdf?version=1659418232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35892998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3bec57b526ee4f168cc512c4b43fdb55","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3bec57b526ee4f168cc512c4b43fdb55","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 1017 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/8/1017/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 8; Pages: 1017","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9394321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9394321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24081017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/8/1017/pdf?version=1659418232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287010034.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287010034.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W625635990","https://openalex.org/W950821216","https://openalex.org/W1970115183","https://openalex.org/W1996495110","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2006510775","https://openalex.org/W2011401040","https://openalex.org/W2044506965","https://openalex.org/W2052165885","https://openalex.org/W2066126265","https://openalex.org/W2088856850","https://openalex.org/W2107068754","https://openalex.org/W2140849606","https://openalex.org/W2146280510","https://openalex.org/W2147772897","https://openalex.org/W2336242403","https://openalex.org/W2479633943","https://openalex.org/W2490321569","https://openalex.org/W2490810262","https://openalex.org/W2499028048","https://openalex.org/W2588250684","https://openalex.org/W2604238334","https://openalex.org/W2607007071","https://openalex.org/W2612747536","https://openalex.org/W2799106490","https://openalex.org/W2801940918","https://openalex.org/W2883365145","https://openalex.org/W2896750841","https://openalex.org/W2898164119","https://openalex.org/W2899339916","https://openalex.org/W2906675977","https://openalex.org/W2914622179","https://openalex.org/W2924377876","https://openalex.org/W2931397130","https://openalex.org/W2962847305","https://openalex.org/W2963671048","https://openalex.org/W2967052953","https://openalex.org/W2977921098","https://openalex.org/W3012262485","https://openalex.org/W3014645031","https://openalex.org/W3016318117","https://openalex.org/W3020679785","https://openalex.org/W3042055830","https://openalex.org/W3042256486","https://openalex.org/W3083701422","https://openalex.org/W3088943519","https://openalex.org/W3093271160","https://openalex.org/W3101452997","https://openalex.org/W3102685624","https://openalex.org/W3104104761","https://openalex.org/W3160300364","https://openalex.org/W3190734472","https://openalex.org/W3195459724","https://openalex.org/W3206992295","https://openalex.org/W3213449604","https://openalex.org/W3215454678","https://openalex.org/W4205336941","https://openalex.org/W4243746863","https://openalex.org/W6756358063","https://openalex.org/W6774976914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W3148032049","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"News":[0],"reports":[1],"in":[2,56,98],"media":[3],"contain":[4],"news":[5],"about":[6,69],"society's":[7],"social":[8],"and":[9,48,64,87,127,130,137],"political":[10],"conditions.":[11],"With":[12],"the":[13,46,57,70,99,105,114,121,139,142,174],"help":[14,128],"of":[15,20,30,59,73,101,116,123,152,165],"publicly":[16],"available":[17],"digital":[18],"datasets":[19],"events,":[21],"it":[22,168],"is":[23,110,156,169],"possible":[24],"to":[25,41,135,159,162,172],"study":[26],"a":[27,88,146,150,157],"complex":[28],"network":[29,79],"mass":[31],"violations,":[32],"i.e.,":[33,167],"Mass":[34,102],"Killings.":[35],"Multiple":[36],"approaches":[37],"have":[38,92],"been":[39,93],"applied":[40,161],"bring":[42],"essential":[43],"insights":[44],"into":[45],"events":[47,126],"involved":[49],"actors.":[50],"Power":[51],"law":[52],"distribution":[53],"behavior":[54,72],"finds":[55],"tail":[58],"actor":[60,65],"mention,":[61,63],"co-actor":[62],"degree":[66],"tells":[67],"us":[68],"dominant":[71],"influential":[74,117],"actors":[75,118],"that":[76,112],"grows":[77],"their":[78],"with":[80,141],"time.":[81,153],"The":[82],"United":[83],"States,":[84],"France,":[85],"Israel,":[86],"few":[89],"other":[90],"countries":[91],"identified":[94],"as":[95],"major":[96],"players":[97],"propagation":[100],"Killing":[103],"throughout":[104],"past":[106],"20":[107],"years.":[108],"It":[109],"demonstrated":[111],"targeting":[113],"removal":[115],"may":[119],"stop":[120],"spreading":[122],"such":[124],"conflicting":[125],"policymakers":[129],"organizations.":[131],"This":[132,154],"paper":[133],"aims":[134],"identify":[136],"formulate":[138],"conflicts":[140],"actor's":[143],"perspective":[144],"at":[145],"global":[147,175],"level":[148,164],"for":[149],"period":[151],"process":[155],"generalization":[158],"be":[160],"any":[163],"news,":[166],"not":[170],"restricted":[171],"only":[173],"level.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}