{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283790239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","title":"Unsupervised Hierarchical Classification Approach for Imprecise Data in the Breast Cancer Detection","display_name":"Unsupervised Hierarchical Classification Approach for Imprecise Data in the Breast Cancer Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283790239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35885149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24070926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/7/926/pdf?version=1657098906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/7/926/pdf?version=1657098906","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050908003","display_name":"Mario Fordellone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-892X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197809005","display_name":"University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02kqnpp86","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mario Fordellone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy","Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", 81100 Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-892X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", 81100 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048229494","display_name":"Paolo Chiodini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-2264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197809005","display_name":"University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02kqnpp86","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Chiodini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy","Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", 81100 Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-2264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Statistics Unit, Universitiy of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", 81100 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050908003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.2323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58989692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"926","last_page":"926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.6347944736480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.5989583730697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5111425518989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4729989171028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4638071060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4311727285385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.3566563129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34123706817626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3346743881702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.32625341415405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2671670913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18730422854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09858840703964233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.6347944736480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.5989583730697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5111425518989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4729989171028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4638071060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4311727285385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3566563129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34123706817626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3346743881702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32625341415405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2671670913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18730422854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09858840703964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24070926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/7/926/pdf?version=1657098906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35885149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35885149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f7931ca6aac4786bc3d67988aece3a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f7931ca6aac4786bc3d67988aece3a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 7, p 926 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/7/926/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 7; Pages: 926","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9316630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9316630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24070926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24070926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/7/926/pdf?version=1657098906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283790239.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1898983074","https://openalex.org/W1977522059","https://openalex.org/W1980527762","https://openalex.org/W1987082832","https://openalex.org/W1988819287","https://openalex.org/W2005625622","https://openalex.org/W2014374971","https://openalex.org/W2018549199","https://openalex.org/W2020822647","https://openalex.org/W2076603105","https://openalex.org/W2085080020","https://openalex.org/W2091415346","https://openalex.org/W2092579667","https://openalex.org/W2094040550","https://openalex.org/W2123160547","https://openalex.org/W2124611117","https://openalex.org/W2140427893","https://openalex.org/W2158822003","https://openalex.org/W2336679177","https://openalex.org/W2436634098","https://openalex.org/W2579213716","https://openalex.org/W2612383974","https://openalex.org/W2727347885","https://openalex.org/W2742767984","https://openalex.org/W2770426151","https://openalex.org/W2808866466","https://openalex.org/W2948592880","https://openalex.org/W2991372685","https://openalex.org/W3011917823","https://openalex.org/W3036755187","https://openalex.org/W3129780571","https://openalex.org/W3138052688","https://openalex.org/W4206107118","https://openalex.org/W4211011263","https://openalex.org/W4246074262","https://openalex.org/W4299298161","https://openalex.org/W6746218878","https://openalex.org/W6762780407","https://openalex.org/W6791475570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2406638334","https://openalex.org/W1991765889","https://openalex.org/W1990068454","https://openalex.org/W2472172556","https://openalex.org/W1570805059","https://openalex.org/W2357266745","https://openalex.org/W1578824628","https://openalex.org/W4390961098","https://openalex.org/W2324780611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(1)":[0],"Background:":[1],"in":[2,18,37,115,152],"recent":[3],"years,":[4],"a":[5,40,143],"lot":[6],"of":[7,10,20,26,53,74,117,146,160],"the":[8,15,30,54,86,92,101,108,134,138,157,165],"research":[9,35],"statistical":[11],"methods":[12],"focused":[13],"on":[14,103],"classification":[16,43,62,96],"problem":[17],"presence":[19],"imprecise":[21,27,65],"data.":[22,32,167],"A":[23],"particular":[24],"case":[25],"data":[28,48,67,105],"is":[29,49,70,142],"interval-valued":[31,47],"Following":[33],"this":[34,38],"line,":[36],"work":[39],"new":[41],"hierarchical":[42,61,95],"technique":[44],"for":[45,51,64,72],"multivariate":[46,66],"suggested":[50],"diagnosis":[52,73,151],"breast":[55,75],"cancer;":[56],"(2)":[57],"Methods:":[58],"an":[59],"unsupervised":[60],"method":[63],"(called":[68],"HC-ID)":[69],"performed":[71],"cancer":[76,150],"(i.e.,":[77,148,162],"to":[78],"discriminate":[79],"between":[80],"benign":[81,149],"or":[82],"malignant":[83,153],"masses)":[84],"and":[85,125],"results":[87,135],"have":[88],"been":[89],"compared":[90],"with":[91],"conventional":[93],"(unsupervised)":[94],"approach":[97],"(HC);":[98],"(3)":[99],"Results:":[100],"application":[102],"real":[104],"shows":[106],"that":[107],"HC-ID":[109],"procedure":[110,114],"performs":[111],"better":[112],"HC":[113,122,130],"terms":[116],"accuracy":[118],"(HC-ID":[119,127],"=":[120,123,128,131],"0.80,":[121],"0.66)":[124],"sensitivity":[126],"0.61,":[129],"0.08).":[132],"In":[133],"obtained":[136],"by":[137,156],"usual":[139],"procedure,":[140],"there":[141],"high":[144,158],"degree":[145,159],"false-negative":[147],"status)":[154],"affected":[155],"variability":[161],"uncertainty)":[163],"characterizing":[164],"worst":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}