{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283070117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","title":"Multi-User Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on GHZ Entangled State","display_name":"Multi-User Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on GHZ Entangled State","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283070117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35741561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24060841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/6/841/pdf?version=1655798000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/6/841/pdf?version=1655798000","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033710372","display_name":"Ximing Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-106X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximing Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065708063","display_name":"Min Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-7930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China","National Quantum Communication (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Quantum Communication (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021120440","display_name":"Banghong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8855-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Banghong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China","Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021120440","https://openalex.org/A5065708063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I187400657","https://openalex.org/I19820366"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.9451,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88026297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"841","last_page":"841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8928321599960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenberger\u2013horne\u2013zeilinger-state","display_name":"Greenberger\u2013Horne\u2013Zeilinger state","score":0.7760554552078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6635030508041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.6133590936660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5210363268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4739570617675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4688637852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-way-quantum-computer","display_name":"One-way quantum computer","score":0.4655962884426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42295753955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.36113524436950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.353950560092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.33938083052635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.29206421971321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28402259945869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.27865418791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.22805926203727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15653452277183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1500205397605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14909875392913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08920088410377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08842024207115173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8928321599960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72933692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11300563","display_name":"Greenberger\u2013Horne\u2013Zeilinger state","level":5,"score":0.7760554552078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6635030508041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.6133590936660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5210363268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4739570617675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4688637852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19271316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092353","display_name":"One-way quantum computer","level":5,"score":0.4655962884426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42295753955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36113524436950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.353950560092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.33938083052635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.29206421971321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28402259945869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.27865418791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.22805926203727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15653452277183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1500205397605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14909875392913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08920088410377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08842024207115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24060841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/6/841/pdf?version=1655798000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35741561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35741561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e309c13a2af4d768cc4264301c05503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e309c13a2af4d768cc4264301c05503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 841 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/6/841/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 6; Pages: 841","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9223234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9223234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24060841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/6/841/pdf?version=1655798000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283070117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283070117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580957117","https://openalex.org/W1598767403","https://openalex.org/W1972407379","https://openalex.org/W1975451214","https://openalex.org/W1995074159","https://openalex.org/W1995369574","https://openalex.org/W2010451492","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2015279807","https://openalex.org/W2015914132","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2062584998","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2072967479","https://openalex.org/W2088138918","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2133720330","https://openalex.org/W2136747138","https://openalex.org/W2193109712","https://openalex.org/W2336286496","https://openalex.org/W2472755367","https://openalex.org/W2566008297","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2913654419","https://openalex.org/W2963532480","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3037639812","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3088177687","https://openalex.org/W3100643392","https://openalex.org/W3101228638","https://openalex.org/W3102907241","https://openalex.org/W3104814279","https://openalex.org/W3105791699","https://openalex.org/W3118428022","https://openalex.org/W3142316258","https://openalex.org/W3195001426","https://openalex.org/W3200901065","https://openalex.org/W4224297686","https://openalex.org/W6634955544","https://openalex.org/W6759002264","https://openalex.org/W6810126407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994700461","https://openalex.org/W4319811949","https://openalex.org/W2030829500","https://openalex.org/W1973869228","https://openalex.org/W1976683334","https://openalex.org/W3199343990","https://openalex.org/W2005389479","https://openalex.org/W2049301512","https://openalex.org/W4376269556","https://openalex.org/W2024823070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,23,34,85,92],"multi-particle":[2],"entangled":[3,36],"state,":[4],"the":[5,58,65,76,79,101,105],"Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger":[6],"(GHZ)":[7],"state":[8],"plays":[9],"an":[10],"important":[11],"role":[12],"in":[13],"quantum":[14,27,42,80],"theory":[15],"and":[16,64],"applications.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"study,":[20],"we":[21,83],"propose":[22,84],"flexible":[24],"multi-user":[25,95],"measurement-device-independent":[26],"key":[28],"distribution":[29],"(MDI-QKD)":[30],"scheme":[31,39,90],"based":[32],"on":[33],"GHZ":[35],"state.":[37],"Our":[38,53],"can":[40,68,98],"distribute":[41],"keys":[43],"among":[44],"multiple":[45],"users":[46,106],"while":[47,74],"being":[48],"resistant":[49],"to":[50,87,91],"detection":[51],"attacks.":[52],"simulation":[54],"results":[55],"show":[56],"that":[57],"secure":[59],"distance":[60,103],"between":[61,104],"each":[62],"user":[63],"measurement":[66],"device":[67],"reach":[69],"more":[70],"than":[71],"280":[72],"km":[73],"reducing":[75],"complexity":[77],"of":[78],"network.":[81],"Additionally,":[82],"method":[86],"expand":[88],"our":[89],"multi-node":[93],"with":[94],"network,":[96],"which":[97],"further":[99],"enhance":[100],"communication":[102],"at":[107],"different":[108],"nodes.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
