{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223563429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","title":"A Pragmatic Ensemble Strategy for Missing Values Imputation in Health Records","display_name":"A Pragmatic Ensemble Strategy for Missing Values Imputation in Health Records","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223563429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/533/pdf?version=1649594941","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/533/pdf?version=1649594941","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108594892","display_name":"Shivani Batra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivani Batra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085561006","display_name":"Rohan Khurana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-4540"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohan Khurana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018144959","display_name":"Mohammad Zubair Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zubair Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042123158","display_name":"Wadii Boulila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-0757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wadii Boulila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024626195","display_name":"Anis Koub\u00e2a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3787-7423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anis Koubaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073070613","display_name":"Prakash Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60054993","display_name":"Graphic Era University","ror":"https://ror.org/03wqgqd89","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018144959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":8.871,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9871633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"533","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.905051589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.8988038301467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6691598296165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.526746928691864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4140337109565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3682827949523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3207947015762329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.31978631019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17854177951812744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.905051589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.8988038301467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6691598296165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.526746928691864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4140337109565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3682827949523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3207947015762329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31978631019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17854177951812744}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/533/pdf?version=1649594941","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35455196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d0554b5f2264b9293045c7cfadba65b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d0554b5f2264b9293045c7cfadba65b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 533 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/4/533/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 4; Pages: 533","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9030272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9030272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/533/pdf?version=1649594941","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223563429.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223563429.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532630953","https://openalex.org/W1537066827","https://openalex.org/W1919216911","https://openalex.org/W1985817801","https://openalex.org/W2016323995","https://openalex.org/W2021746604","https://openalex.org/W2044469685","https://openalex.org/W2072604363","https://openalex.org/W2101156118","https://openalex.org/W2104276354","https://openalex.org/W2116781287","https://openalex.org/W2125677766","https://openalex.org/W2130892589","https://openalex.org/W2134445957","https://openalex.org/W2137226992","https://openalex.org/W2139075905","https://openalex.org/W2153384842","https://openalex.org/W2159798994","https://openalex.org/W2162772535","https://openalex.org/W2165720463","https://openalex.org/W2172852798","https://openalex.org/W2238461883","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2339803053","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2550179689","https://openalex.org/W2595582532","https://openalex.org/W2607507174","https://openalex.org/W2748435103","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2791458756","https://openalex.org/W2805208759","https://openalex.org/W2901288224","https://openalex.org/W2908218180","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913138152","https://openalex.org/W2922095767","https://openalex.org/W2997919412","https://openalex.org/W3038823323","https://openalex.org/W3080402700","https://openalex.org/W3104107797","https://openalex.org/W3128951979","https://openalex.org/W3173838947","https://openalex.org/W3200069872","https://openalex.org/W3201584721","https://openalex.org/W3202390408","https://openalex.org/W4212805481","https://openalex.org/W4213254677","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4248894070","https://openalex.org/W4298826872","https://openalex.org/W6680532697","https://openalex.org/W6689550230","https://openalex.org/W6772013027","https://openalex.org/W6969227564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181530120","https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W2024529227","https://openalex.org/W2055961818","https://openalex.org/W2903115227","https://openalex.org/W1574575415","https://openalex.org/W3144172081","https://openalex.org/W3179858851","https://openalex.org/W3028371478","https://openalex.org/W2081476516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pristine":[0],"and":[1,53,61,74,127,131,175,195,209],"trustworthy":[2],"data":[3,14,32,37,167,205,212],"are":[4,84,101],"required":[5],"for":[6,10,86,161],"efficient":[7],"computer":[8],"modelling":[9],"medical":[11,16],"decision-making,":[12],"yet":[13],"in":[15,30,35,71,103,135,240],"care":[17],"is":[18,93,114,143],"frequently":[19],"missing.":[20],"As":[21],"a":[22,41,46,95,118,136,157],"result,":[23],"missing":[24,69,89,152,170,216,225,238],"values":[25,70,171,239],"may":[26],"occur":[27],"not":[28],"just":[29],"training":[31,73],"but":[33],"also":[34],"testing":[36,75],"that":[38,113,219],"might":[39],"contain":[40],"single":[42],"undiagnosed":[43],"episode":[44],"or":[45],"participant.":[47],"This":[48,106],"study":[49,201],"evaluates":[50],"different":[51],"imputation":[52,99,111,129,141,227],"regression":[54],"procedures":[55,83],"identified":[56],"based":[57,147],"on":[58,148,151],"regressor":[59],"performance":[60,181],"computational":[62],"expense":[63],"to":[64,116,164,172,206],"fix":[65],"the":[66,78,139,187,220,232],"issues":[67],"of":[68,80,120,211,234,242],"both":[72],"datasets.":[76],"In":[77],"context":[79],"healthcare,":[81],"several":[82],"introduced":[85],"dealing":[87],"with":[88,168,213],"values.":[90],"However,":[91],"there":[92],"still":[94],"discussion":[96],"concerning":[97],"which":[98],"strategies":[100],"better":[102],"specific":[104],"cases.":[105],"research":[107],"proposes":[108],"an":[109],"ensemble":[110],"model":[112],"educated":[115],"use":[117],"combination":[119],"simple":[121],"mean":[122],"imputation,":[123,126],"k-nearest":[124],"neighbour":[125],"iterative":[128],"methods,":[130],"then":[132],"leverages":[133],"them":[134,146],"manner":[137],"where":[138],"ideal":[140],"strategy":[142],"opted":[144],"among":[145],"attribute":[149],"correlations":[150],"value":[153,226],"features.":[154],"We":[155],"introduce":[156],"unique":[158],"Ensemble":[159],"Strategy":[160],"Missing":[162],"Value":[163],"analyse":[165],"healthcare":[166,204],"considerable":[169],"identify":[173],"unbiased":[174],"accurate":[176],"prediction":[177],"statistical":[178],"modelling.":[179],"The":[180,199],"metrics":[182],"have":[183],"been":[184],"generated":[185],"using":[186],"eXtreme":[188],"gradient":[189],"boosting":[190],"regressor,":[191,194],"random":[192],"forest":[193],"support":[196],"vector":[197],"regressor.":[198],"current":[200],"uses":[202],"real-world":[203],"conduct":[207],"experiments":[208],"simulations":[210],"varying":[214],"feature-wise":[215],"frequencies":[217],"indicating":[218],"proposed":[221],"technique":[222],"surpasses":[223],"standard":[224],"approaches":[228],"as":[229,231],"well":[230],"approach":[233],"dropping":[235],"records":[236],"holding":[237],"terms":[241],"accuracy.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}